Fat and Oil Processing

Question 1

Why is extra virgin olive oil green?

Answer 1

the chlorophyll in the olive skin provides the green colour during pressing, it does not go through any other refinement or processing and therefore will retain the green colour

Question 2

What does extra virgin olive oil have over other oils?

Answer 2

A superior flavour and a darker colour

Question 3

What are the raw materials that go into producing fats and oils?

Answer 3

plants
animals
fish
milk

Question 4

how are fats and oils extracted from seeds? what is the process called?

Answer 4

process- milling

cleaning
breaking
cooking
expelling
solvent extraction

Question 5

how are fats and oils extracted from animals? what is the process called?

Answer 5

process- rendering

Question 6

what are the two types of rendering

Answer 6

wet and dry

Question 7

outline the process of wet rendering

Answer 7

tissue is heated with steam, then it is separated by centrifugation or decanting, which produces a white lipid with a neutral flavour e.g. lard

Question 8

what is the product of wet rendering

Answer 8

lard

Question 9

outline the process of dry rendering

Answer 9

uses a high heat alone, produces a brown liquid with a stronger flavour
has non-food uses e.g. soap

Question 10

what is the product of dry rendering

Answer 10

soap

Question 11

what are the aims of the refining process

Answer 11

to improve flavour, stability and colour

Question 12

what is this process?

crude lipid- degumming- neutralisation- bleaching- deodorisation- refined oil

Answer 12

chemical refining

Question 13

what is this process?

crude lipid- degumming- steam distillation under high vacuum- bleaching- refined oil

Answer 13

physical refining

Question 14

what occurs during degumming

Answer 14

removal of phospholipids and proteins

Question 15

what occurs during neutralisation

Answer 15

removal of free fatty acids

Question 16

what occurs during bleaching

Answer 16

removal of colour and pro oxidants

Question 17

what occurs during deodorisation

Answer 17

removal of volatile compounds

Question 18

what occurs during steam distillation

Answer 18

neutralisation and deodorisation in the same step

- removes FFA and volatile compounds

Question 19

outline everything that has been removed throughout the refining process

Answer 19

FFAs
phospholipids
proteins
coloured components
pro-oxidants
off flavours

Question 20

how long should a bottle of refined oil last?

Answer 20

a year