Fatty acids

Question 1

How is the fatty acid in adipose tissues mobilized

Answer 1

The process of mobilizing fatty acids from adipose tissue involves lipolysis.

When your body needs energy, it signals the adipocytes (fat cells) to break down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

controlled by hormones like adrenaline and cortisol

Question 2

How is the fatty acid in adipose tissues transported

Answer 2

1) fatty acids released during lipolysis are then transported in the bloodstream bound to a protein called albumin.

2) This complex helps carry the fatty acids to various tissues, such as muscles and organs and they go into cells and enter the mitochondria, where they undergo a process called beta-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Question 3

STEP 1 pre requisite of beta oxidation of fatty acid
activation of fatty acid

Answer 3

Firstly this step occurs in cytoplasm and its a ATP- requiring reaction, yielding AMP and pyrophosphate (PPI)

1) Fatty acid activated to their coenzymes A derivative–> Fatty acyl CoA

2) ATP hydrolyzed to AMP & Ppi

E: Thiokinase/ fatty acyl CoA synthetase

Question 4

STEP 2 pre requisite of beta oxidation of fatty acid
Role of Carnitine (Transport into the mitochondrial)

Answer 4

Long chain fatty acyl CoA cannot pass through inner mitochondrial membrane

So carnitine is present act as a transporter to transfer fatty acids

CHEMICAL EQUATION
Fatty acyl CoA+ Carnitine—> acyl carnitine

E: carnitine acyl transferase- 1 (CAT-1)

Question 5

STEP 3 of pre requisite beta oxidation of fatty acid
(Carnitine Acyl Transferase)

Answer 5

Reaction occurs on the cytosolic side of inner mitochondrial membrane

Fatty acyl carnitine now enters mitochondria with help pf Translocase

Carnitine removed and now acyl Co-A is now in mitochondria with help of CAT-11

Now is ready to undergo beta oxidation

Question 6

Step 1 of β oxidation
(Oxidation)

Answer 6

fattyl acyl CoA dehydrogenated with FAD accepting H atoms

FADH2 when oxidized in electron transport chain will generate 1.5 ATPs

Form a β-unsaturated fatty acyl CoA

Question 7

Step 2 of β oxidation
(Hydration)

Answer 7

a β-unsaturated fatty acyl CoA + H2O—> β-hydroxyl fatty acyl CoA

Question 8

Step 3 of β oxidation
(Oxidation)

Answer 8

Dehydrogenation take place with NADH (reducing enzyme)

Oxidized in electron transport chain will generate 2.5 ATPs
—->β-keto fatty acyl CoA

Question 9

Step 4 of β oxidation

Answer 9

One molecules of acetyl CoA is liberated (解放) leaving fatty acid with 2 carbon atoms less

Question 10

Last step of β oxidation

Answer 10

Newly formed fatty acyl CoA will repeat all 1,2,3 and 4 steps until fatty acid completely converted to acetyl CoA

Question 11

Diff between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 11

Saturated fatty acids:
have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only
solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids:
have one or more double bonds
liquid at room temperature

Question 12

Type of fatty acid

Answer 12

Saturated Fatty Acids

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

Essential Fatty Acids