Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

unit 6: MCP > Fatty acids and ketones 11 > Flashcards

Fatty acids and ketones 11 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does insulin promote in adipocytes: fat uptake or glucose uptake?

A

both !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the glycerol backbone generated to synthesize TGs?

A

via glycolysis - G3P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acyl transferases catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from what substrates to G3P?

A

fatty acyl-coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase releases FA preferentially from what?

A

DG and MG (releases FA more slowly from TG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What activates HSL?

A

catecholamines and glucagon

cAMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylates HSL so that it is more active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What inhibits lipolysis?

A 
NEFAs (via product inhibition)
 and insulin (via phosphatase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What lipase catalyzes the rate limiting step in lipolysis?

A

adipose triglyceride lipase

- formation of DG from TG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in mice if these enzymes are deficient:

  1. HSL
  2. Adipose triglyceride lipase
A
  1. not obese
  2. obese
    - –indicates its the rate limiting step
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are peripillins?

A

proteins that coat the surface of peripheral lipid droplets

-prevent access of lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What disrupts the perilipin sheet, allowing lipase access?

A

phosphorylation by cAMP dependent kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What step is the key regulation event in lipolysis?

A

phosphorylation of perilipins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is lipotransin?

A

protein on the droplet surface that helps HSL dock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are NEFAs transported in the blood?

A

bound to albumin ALWAYYYYYS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What transporter does glycerol use to leave the cell?

A

AQPad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the delta system

A

Total C: double bond: delta: positions of first C in each double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the omega system

A

Total carbons: number of double bond: omega: first C from the methyl side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: all members can be synthesized from the parent member

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or false: A FA of one class can easily be converted to another by humans

A

FALSEEE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the omega formula for Plamitoleic acid?

A

16:1ω-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the omega formula for oleic acid?

A

18:1ω-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the omega formula for linoleic acid?

A

18:2ω-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the omega formula for linolenic acid?

A

18: 3 ω-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which fatty acids of this list are essential: oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitic?

A

linoleic and linolenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Can beta oxidation occur with short and medium fatty acids?

A

yes!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What enzyme is involved in activating fatty acids to fatty acyl-coA?
thiokinase
26
If the Overall ΔG°’ for activating fatty acids is near 0, what drives the reaction?
pyrophosphatase
27
How many ATPs are used to activate a fatty acid for B-oxidation?
2
28
What enzyme in the outer mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes the transfer of a LCFA from coA to carnitine?
CPT1
29
The carnitine acylcarnitine transporter transports what two molecules which ways? where is this located?
inner mito membrane acylcarnitine into mitochondria carnitine out of mitochondria
30
Acyl coA is regenerated by what enzyme on the inner mitochondrial membrane?
CPTII
31
What three other pathways besides beta oxidation exist to oxidize FA?
1. B ox of LCFAs and polyunsat FA in peroxisomes 2. alpha-ox of branched chain FAs in mito 3. omega-ox in ER
32
What is CTP1 inhibited by?
malonyl coA | -first product of committed step in FA synthesis
33
What is the first step of beta oxidation?
oxidize the alpha-B bond to a double bond dehyrogenation by acyl-coA dehydrogenase e- from FADH2 are passed down e- chain acyl coA --> trans enoyl coA
34
What is the second step of beta oxidation?
hydration across the alpha-B double bond -2,3 enoyl -coA hydrase trans enoyl coA ->B hydroxyacyl-coA
35
Whats the third step of beta oxidation?
dehydrogenation 3- hydroxyacyl coA dehydrogenase B-hydroxyacyl coA --> B -Ketoacyl coA
36
What is the fourth step in beta oxidation?
thiolysis thiolase B-ketoacyl CoA --> acyl coA 2 C shortened + acetyl coA
37
What steps involve a trifunctional protein?
2, 3, 4
38
How many FADH and NADHs are produced in each round of beta oxidation?
one each
39
How many ATP is produced by one FADH?
two ATP
40
How many ATP is produced by one NADH?
three ATP
41
What is the net gain of ATP in beta oxidation?
129 ATP per 16 Carbons --> 8 ATP/C
42
What percent of free energy is converted to heat , what percent to ATP in beta oxidation?
60% heat | 40% ATP
43
How many ATP/C are produced in glycolysis?
36 ATP per 6C --> 6ATP/C
44
If a beta gamma double bond is present, what is the cost?
1 FADH2 --> 2 ATP
45
If a delta 4 double bond is present, what is the cost?
1 NADPH --> 3 ATP
46
Linoleic acid E will be reduced by how many ATP compared to stearic acid?
5 ATP
47
Where and when are ketone bodies produced?
liver mitochondria during fasting and starvation | overproduced in type 1 Diabetes
48
Are ketone bodies used as fuel in the liver?
NOOO
49
Which ketone bodies can be used as fuel by many tissues including the brain?
acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate
50
What ketone body is a metabolic dead end?
acetone
51
What do high levels of acetyl coA do?
inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activates pyruvate carboxylase -OAA increases and diverted to glycolysis
52
What is the effect of high levels of NADH in mitochondria from B-oxidation?
inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase -citrate accumulates - OAA is converted to malate - malate leaves the mito and used for gluconeogenesis
53
What happens to the excess acetyl coA from B-oxidation?
used for making ketone bodies | -does not enter the TCA cycle
54
When are high levels of acetyl coA encountered?
during fasting, heavy alcohol, high fat/low carb diets, diabetes
55
In ketone metabolism: acetyl coA + acetyl coA --> acetoacetyl coA what enzyme? what type of reaction?
B-ketothiolase condensation reaction
56
In ketone metabolism: acetoacetyl coA + acetoacetyl coa --> HMG coA what enzyme? what type of reaction?
HMG COA synthetase | condensation
57
HMG - COA --> acetyl coA + acetoacetate what enzyme?
HMG-coA lyase
58
What two products are formed from acetoacetate?
acetone and b-hydroxybutyrate
59
Why cant extra-hepatic tissues synthesize KBs?
lack high levels of HMG-coA synthetase | lack HMG coA lyase
60
What happens in ketoacidosis?
more KBs are produced than the extrahepatic tissues can burn and more than kidneys can excrete lots of glucagon , no insulin
61
Can ketoacidosis happen in type 2 diabetes?
nopeeeeee | theres still insulin present

unit 6: MCP (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions