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unit 6: MCP > minerals (25) > Flashcards

minerals (25) Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

what two vitamins are considered “hematopoietic B vitamins”?

A

folate and B12

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2
Q

what is the number for folate? cobalamin?

A

folate- B9

cobalamin-B12

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3
Q

what does a deficiency in folate lead to?

A
  • macrolytic anemia
  • neural tube defects
  • hyperhomocysteinemia (CVD risk)
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4
Q

what are susceptible for folate deficiency?

A

Pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics, patients with long term drug treatments, people with genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism
Anticonvulsant drugs & oral contraceptives can interfere with absorption of folate

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5
Q

what are the symptoms of a B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious (macrocytic) anemia

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6
Q

who are susceptible to B12 deficiency?

A

elderly, patients with malabsorption diseases and long term vegetarians

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7
Q

tell me about the body storing B12

A

it weirdly can be stored in the liver (over water soluble vitamins can’t) it can be stored for up to 6 years in the liver woowowwzerrs!

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8
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

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9
Q

list the 5 major functions of calcium

A 
major component of bone
signaling
coagulation
muscle contraction
neurotransmission
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10
Q

describe a mild deficiency in calcium. severe?

A

mild: muscle cramps & osteoporosis
severe: rickets

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11
Q

who are the susceptible groups for calcium deficiency?

A

children
adult women
elderly

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12
Q

when is calcium intake most important to prevent osteoporosis? (what life stage)

A

age 10-25 in women- this is the period when bone is reaching max density

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13
Q

what is the name of the calcium component in bones & teeth?

A

hydroxyapatite

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of a Mg deficiency?

A

weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

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15
Q

what groups are susceptible for Mg deficiency?

A

alcoholics, patients taking diuretics or experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea

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16
Q

list the functions of phosphorus

A

major component of bone (hydroxyapatite)
constitute of nucleic acids, membrane lipids
required in all energy producing reactions

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17
Q

why is Mg deficiency rare? but what are the results if it does happen?

A

bc it is very abundant in diet

but results in rickets, muscle wasting & breakdown, seizures

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18
Q

what is the most common mineral deficiency?

A

iron

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19
Q

list the functions of iron

A

O2/CO2 transport in Hg
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes (redox properties of iron are important)

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20
Q

deficiency of which mineral will lead to microlytic hypochromic anemia?

A

iron

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21
Q

deficiency of what mineral results in red blood cells that are small and pale?

22
Q

will a patient with iron deficiency have high or low MCV

23
Q

what groups are susceptible for iron deficiency?

Study These Flashcards
A

common in children, menstruating women, pregnant women and elderly

24
Q

what vitamin reduces Fe3 to Fe2?

25
what is needed to release Fe3 from ligands that make the iron bioavailable?
low stomach pH
26
what are the two common barriers to iron absorption?
1. Release of Fe3 from food | 2. Availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3 to Fe2
27
why can iron be toxic?
because of their chemical properties as redox agents and having the ability to catalyze the production of ROSs
28
tell me about long term iron toxicity (hemochromatosis)
- iron overload leads to iron deposits in multiple tissues - leads to compromised liver, pancreatic & cardiac function - ultimately can compromise mitochondrial function leading to lactatic acidosis - primarily genetic disease
29
tell me about acute iron overdose
- this is the #1 poisoning in children - most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6 usually occurring from taking parent’s vitamins - death mainly due to corrosive effects on children’s GI
30
what signal sense iron sufficiency & prevents export of Fe+2 from duodenal mucosal cell by downregulating the exporter
hepcidin
31
what are the two main functions of copper?
1. assists in iron absorption through ceruloplasmin | 2. cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, fatty acid metabolism and elimination of ROS
32
what is the function of ceruloplasmin?
ceruloplasmin oxidizes iron from Fe2 to Fe3 to help bind it to transferin for distribution
33
what are the symptoms of a copper deficiency?
hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries, bone demineralization demylination
34
who is susceptible to copper deficiency?
ppl with menke's syndrome
35
what is the effect of menke's syndrome?
affects the copper transporter: ATP7A this is suppose to get copper into the golgi to supply copper to enzymes like lysyl oxidase
36
if you have wilson's disease, what are you at risk for?
copper overload
37
what is wilson's disease? what is the tell tale sign of someone with it?
mutation in ATP7B. copper ring around the iris
38
list the 2 main functions of zinc
1. Cofactor for over 300 matalloenzymes | 2. Plays a structural role in many proteins (Zn finger domains)
39
what are the symptoms of a zinc deficiency?
Poor wound healing, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, poor growth and impaired sexual development in children
40
what groups are susceptible for a zinc deficiency?
elderly & alcoholics and ppl with malabsorption or kidney disease
41
what is the function of chromium?
its a component of chromodulin which facilitates insulin binding to its receptor
42
chromium deficiency?
can have impaired glucose from reduced insulin
43
can chromium be helpful in ppl with type II diabetes?
nice try, but no
44
what is the function of iodine?
Function: incorporated into triiodothyronine (T3) and thryoxine (T4) ^Regulates BMR
45
what are the two functions of selenium?
Component of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase) | Component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4
46
what is a deficiency in selenium called?
keshan disease causing cardiomyopathy & cretinism
47
in children, what minerals do you worry about?
calcium and iron
48
in teenagers what minerals/vitamins do you worry about?
calcium & magnesium, possibly vit A, C and B6
49
in women what do you worry about?
iron calcium magnesium vit B6 and folate
50
in the elderly what do you worry about?
vit b6, b12, d | zinc chromium
51
in alcoholics what are you esp worried about?
folate b6 thiamin

unit 6: MCP (17 decks)

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