FDR Roosevelt And The New Deals Flashcards

Question

PWA

Answer 1

1933 first new deal Purpose: run by Ickes Programme financed 34,000 federal, state and local projects costing s total of $6 billion - a large source of employment. Discontinued 1939 as X sufficient success in reducing employment or promoting private investment. BUT Gave over 4 million unemployed people paid work on useful local projects and helped to raise moral and create optimism that depression would end

Answer 2

Purpose: provided short and medium term loans to enable farmers struggling and low incomes to keep their homes and land by refinancing their mortgages It removed the fear of losing both home and employment. It gave security of the future to enable farmers to take advantages of other gov agricultural programmes to raise production First new deal 1933

Answer 3

1933 new deal National industrial recovery act National recovery administration Attempted to establish national economic planning by revising and running a series of codes for industries. The codes were to control production, prices, labour relations and trading practices. Run by General Hugh Johnson NRA was ruled by unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 1935 and came to end

Answer 4

1933 Civilian conservation corps Provided work for young men ages 18-25 paying $30 a month but $25 sent to family Stayed in camps organised on military lives and worked on regional enviro projects such as rational parks where they built trail, recreation facilities and access roads Disbanded 1942

Answer 5

1933 new deal Prohibited commercial banks from selling stock or financing corporations. Created (FDIC) which guaranteed savings deposit up to $2500 (later raised to $5000, and now as €100,000) Protected the ordinary depositor from loss of savings It separated investment banks from commercial banks so that investors’ money could no longer be used for speculative ventures on the stock marker. The guaranteeing of individual deposits diminished the fear that investors might lose all their savings through the misuse of their funds by the bank

Answer 6

1933 new deal Purpose: families were paid relief benefits for taking work organised by the gov w $500 mill given to states and local gov Suspended 1935 as Works progress administration projects started and financial aid was given as a result of the unemployment insurance of the SSA 1937

Answer 7

1934 first new deal Federal Communications Commission Agency to regulate wired and wireless communications, later to regulate television as well.Part of a new programme of gov regulation of new enterprises Continues today

Answer 8

Federal housing administration 1934 first new deal Purpose: federal guarantees of private mortgages with reduced down payments from 30% to 10%, and extended repayment time from 20-30 years. Enabled more Americans to purchase own homes Continues today

Answer 9

1944 first new deal Securities and exchange commission purpose: regulatory agency for trading in stocks and bonds to comply with federal laws Continues today

Answer 10

Forced for change at work in Congress - mid term congressional elections in 1934 returned a more radical House of Representatives which was expecting legislative action and would support it Support court overturning new deal legislation Need to respond to radical forces Some historians argued that as USA became more polarised FDR sought support of Left - as politics polarised BB and SB need to be held more accountable. BB and wealthy had too big of influence

Answer 11

1935 2nd new deal Purpose: strengthened the power of labour unions by allowing collective bargaining Comments: created a way of peacefully solving labour disputes without resorting to violence which Ahmad characterised employment disagreements in the past

Answer 12

Workings progress administration 1935 Purpose: established work relief programmes funding a vast range of projects directed at different areas, including the Federal Art Project (FAP) Run by Hopkins Comment: ran for 8 years and employed 8.5 million people using local officials to administer the projects

Answer 13

National youth administration NYA purpose: established by the WPA to encourage the education and training of young people Comment: disbanded during WW2 1935 2nd new deal

Answer 14

Rural electrification administration 1935 2nd new deal Purpose: gave loans for cheap rural electricity in areas where these was no public utility supply. Comment: the Act was very successful in 1935/ only 10% farms had electricity. By 1940 it was 40% by 1950 90%

Answer 15

1935 second new deal Social security act Purpose: created guaranteed retirement payment for over 65s, set up federal insurance for the unemployment and provided additional assistance for the disabled, for public health and for dependent women and children Comment: continues today

Answer 16

1937 Farm security administration 2nd new deal Purpose: gave guaranteed loans to small farmers and tenants to buy small properties or to rehabilitate farms. This enabled more farmers to stay on their farms Comment: maintained migrant labour camps for agriculture workers as part of its remit that no one should be excluded for its benefits

Answer 17

1938 2nd new deal Set a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour and a maximum working week or 40 hours for business involved in interstate commerce, and particularly for workers not in unions Oppressed by southern conservatives on ground of excessive gov interference w business Comment: have benefits of shorter working week and a maximum hourly week by statutes, rather than by union negotiations. This was the last new deal reform to become law

Answer 18

1938 2nd new deal Purpose: established the USA Housing authority and set up housing projects for low income families (forgotten man) Comment;. Encouraged house building and home ownership, but was also discriminatory against black Americans and inadvertently promoted suburban over indemnity housing

Answer 19

1937 Eco collapse -1938 -relief

Answer 20

By 1940- extend Wagner - 12 million workers Membership inc Not good for bb Union membership violence - eg ford Not till 1946 that workers could bring charges against employers for unfair work practises

Answer 21

+long term skill | -disbanded- not needed

Answer 22

+help farmers etc | -1940- only 40%

Answer 23

+ help to individuals by gov intervention +protection +pensions +unemployment insurance - doesn’t help all - old age pension not until 1942 - no help many female and black etc

Answer 24

+helped farmers

Answer 25

-southern dem no want it - feared southern industry w traditionally low wage structure would lose its competitiveness + minimum wage etc - help SOL

Answer 26

+helped low income families | -discriminate against black Americans

Answer 27

Many argue Wagner Act was entirely work of Senator Wagner and FDR considered vetoing it Some say it only went through so quickly because Roosevelt passed it Regardless trade membership inc 3m in 1930, and 9mill 1940. 15m 1950 SSA- state discrepancies over how much was received - the federal government didn’t have manpower to deal w such huge change and was dependent on states Some argue even though millions had been helped - system that created depression still remained

Answer 28

Too radical BB and wealthy said one too far Hated revenue acts which raised taxation and opposed greater gov intervention Conservative dem said too far Roosevelt recession - due to Federal policies that reduced consumer income, federal reserve raised interest rates etc FDR called for congress 1937 to pass measures such as new relief spending, and anti lynching bill - but latter did not work. Unemployment declined but 1939- 17% still unemployed Liberty league set up in 1934 supported by members of Republican Party and conservative dems- aim was to promote private property and enterprise. It has 250,000 members in July 1936. After FDR’s victory - lessened in popularity

Answer 29

Too conservative Small civil service and a lack of informed research Hostility to ‘big’ gov since 1877 when TVA set up - private companies worked on gov behalf and this gave them a lot of power Left advocates radical schemes like Old Age Revolving Pensions to popular leaders such as Huey Long Upton Sinclair- scheme where unemployed be out to work in state run co-operatives Long - ‘share our wealth system’- old age pension, and free college education - very popular Coughlin’s radio messages were very influential. Mass support. Believed in redistribution of wealth. But anti-se metic - lost support

Answer 30

US communists who in 1930 attacked FDR now praised him and summoned writers and such to the anti fascist cause The Spanish Civil war creates a new sense of worth for this group The communist Party publicised lynching and took part in photography programmes highlighting the plight of African Americans

Answer 31

Right wing motives can be seen in Hollywood movies such as The Grapes of Wrath - when a grass root family moved from dust bowl to California. Revealing strength of ordinary people to overcome Confrontation with fascism came largely e sport. In 1936- Owens won the 100m A German American friends of new Germany developed 1936 Existing into late 30s with membership of 5000 Movement declines once war announced

Answer 32

Lacked fierce leadership Slightly passive not fiercely active in view Secretive Not assertive to everyone - Too compromising Arrogant/domineering Lack of specific policies

Answer 33

Compliments FDRs un aggressive approach towards implementing new deal Master manipulator

Answer 34

In 1933 14 million unemployed | In 1939 it was 9 million

Answer 35

FDR believed in balanced budget —> reluctant to spend excessively on federal projects. Led to a reduction of budget deceit over course of presidency. In 1938 the deficit was lower than the $2.5b National total of personal income decreased $15 billion 1929-1939 Despite pop inc of 9m during decade 1933- 18 mill unemployed 1939 9 mill unemployed Roosevelt recession - 20% jobless by 1938 But most historians argue 1935 neutrality act 1939 was why unemployment fell US spent $360m a day to sweat axis powers. Vanquished unemployment. Vanquished unemployment Inc hiring of minorities women and elderly brought a middle class Richest 5% saw share of income drop 25-17% Large scale commercials farmers prospered benefiting from higher consumer prices, inc productivity, the development in chemicals that created fertilisers. Tenant and sharecroppers left and moved north and the agricultural pop fell 17%

Answer 36

FDR allowed labour unions to take their place in the labour market and reluctantly recognised that the federal government had a role in settling disputes Organised labour grew mightier growing from 9m to 14.8m unionised members Far more strikes and inflation because of scarcity of goods created eco issues that were partially solved by congress letting FDR freeze wages, create rationing, control prices and rents in 1942. Only 8% ruse in remainder of war Buying war bonds = curtailed inflation by decreasing purchase pier Roosevelt raises taxes with the Revenue act 1942 raising top tier from 65% to 95%

Answer 37

Mass culture continues in 30s and 40s Most proline could still afford movies 1939- 65% of Americans went to the movies at least once a week. Musicals and dramas created escapism from depression and acted as propaganda with Sherlock homes films disguised anti- Nazi sentiment AA were in films Women as heroines as scatterbraines-but as era developed - Mae West portrayed women as far more promiscuous, mocking conventions

Answer 38

Dem won -85% electoral vote Dem: 55% pop Rep: 44% pop

Answer 39

1932- AA unemployment twice as high as normal Americans NRA- no rage hour protection to lower level positions where AA were concentrated AAA- African Americans excluded from as AAA pursued policies that favoured farm landlords at expensive of tenants and sharecroppers FDR reluctant to support 1930s federal law against lynching

Answer 40

Switch in dem policies to help AA- black leader in Chicago ‘Mr Roosevelt gave us work and bread’ Harold Ickes- ran important public works programme - create jobs for unemployed

Answer 41

AA shifted support towards democrats 81% black People in NY voted Dem

Answer 42

Indian reorganisation act 1934/ federal gov did not push native Americans to assimilate into mainstream society Collier

Answer 43

CCC discriminatory - lower wages etc

Answer 44

More representation of women in jobs etc

Answer 45

Civil works administration - only 7% jobs= women Economy act 1933 forbade members of same family from working for federal gov CCC bared women

Answer 46

Significant improvement compared to past But could have been better

Answer 47

-South - power - racist - discrimination +helped AA to extent - many pres didn’t - showed a shift in politics

Answer 48

A coherent programme of relief and recovery An attempt to redistribute wealth An attempt to make the USA socialist or fascist (Roosevelt was a fiscal conservative) A rigid adherence to maintaining a balanced budget A programme that was concerned e depression in rest of world A dramatic and radical solution but a conservative one or a set of improved measures - some of which were contradictory The abandonment of capitalism or the rejection of enterprise and industrialisation

Answer 49

Era of eco growth ended Structural reform of economy needed USA sufficient with economic isolationism Did little for women Roosevelt most important idea- gov had positive responsibilities for the general welfare. Not that gov itself must do everything but that everything practicable must be done; gov must insure smth is done

Answer 50

Over 60% of families went to movies each week age of talkies l. First Walt Disney caroons like 3 lil pigs and Mickey Mouse 1940 farmers building surplus - worrying as federal gov would have to pay them 1930 total expenditure: $9bill 1940: half a billion By offering direct relief eg Wagner - Federal gov increased role ``` Political turnout inc 1924; 50% 1940: 60% AA- democrat FDR re-elected w reduced share of vote AA and women start to hold important positions in gov ```

Answer 51

1934 mid term election - 10 republican senators went down in defeat Second new deal criticised by republicans Hoover crusader against new deal - hoping unrealistically to be nominated again for president Most major newspaper publishers favoured Republican moderate Landon for president - Roosevelt used radio to reach people Black vote held for hoover 1933 1940 majority of northern blacks voted democratic Roosevelt helped black but did not challenge segregation or the denial of voting rights in south Minority parties tend to factionalize after 1936 Republican Party spilt into conservative faction and liberal faction Roosevelt alienated many conservative Democrats in 1937 by his unexpected plan to ‘pack’ the Supreme Court via Judicial Reform Bill 1937- sharp recession 1938 and major strikes Conservative Democrats mostly from south joined with Republicans led to Taft created the conservative coalition which dominated domestic issues in congress until 1964

Answer 52

1939-41 debate from republicans about whether to support Britain in war In 1949 a total unknown Wilkie won over party, the delegates and was nominated. He crusaded against the inefficiencies of the new deal and Roosevelt’s break with strong tradition against 3rd term Japanese attack 1941 ended isolationist-internationalist debate. Republicans further cut the democrat majority in 1942 mid-election As a minority party, Republican had 2 wings / left wing supported most of new deal and right wing opposed it 1944 Roosevelt beat dewey but he had a good standing Taft Hartley Act 1947 designed to balance rights of management and labour. It was the central issue of many elections in industrial states in the 1940s-50s but the unions were never able to repeal it 1948- republicans split left and right - Truman boldly called congress and sent it a load of liberal legislation consistent with Dewey platform and dared thencto act on it, knowing Conservative Republicans would block it Eisenhower broke 21 year democrat He did not roll back new deal but did expand social security system and built the interstate highway system

Answer 53

States rights party

FDR Roosevelt And The New Deals Flashcards

(79 cards)