Truman Eisenhower kennedy Johnson Nixon Flashcards

Question

How did corporations allow affluence

Answer 1

After 1945- major corporation in America grew larger Marchers New conglomerates led way. International telephone and telegraph bought Sheraton hotel Large corporations also developed holding overseas - when labour costs often lower

Answer 2

Not widely marketed until after war 1949-250,000 sets of TV sets a month In middle of decade- average family watched television 3/4 hours a day Mickey Mouse club I love Lucy and father knows - removed stereotype of women 1960- Americans spent $85bilkion s year on entertainment, double the spending of previous decade

Answer 3

Union movement ended 1955 with merging on AFL and CIO. Workers in many industries won settlements that linked wages to cost of living increases Number of women working outside hone inc 1960/ 40% women joined workforce And married women w school age children included

Answer 4

50s= prosperity Even w 3 recessions during 8 years of Eisenhower’s administration - country’s per capita income rose and inflation remained low Eisenshower prepared to increase spending to get country out of 1953, 57 + 58 recessions

Answer 5

Cold War and war in Korea required enourmoud military spending Certain industries like aerospace industry boomed after war - companies like Lockheed etc employed thousands of people, many of them in high paying engineering and technical occupations

Answer 6

New technologies boosted productivity in both industrial and agricultural sectors Farm income increased. Cotton at least doubled Americans’ foreign investment relatively static between world wars, but in 15 years following WW2- it increased 1000% investment in raw materials and resources like oil played a large part in this boom

Answer 7

Workers found their own lives changing as industrial America changed Fewer workers produced goods; more provided services By 1956 a majority held white collar jobs - working as eg corporate managers Some firms granted a guaranteed annual wage, long term employment contracts and other benefits Class distinctions began to fade

Answer 8

``` GI bill (44) encouraged mass migration Gave 9m veterans £b until 1956 and loans to 1962 ``` By 1950, 50% college applicants were veterans and gave low cost mortgages, tuition and medical care By 1960, roughly 40% of all Americans lived in suburbs Cities like New Mexico expanded rapidly By 1963 California had more people than ny Movement of people from inner city to new suburbs - post baby boom Levitt - new communities Homes modest As suburbs grew- large shopping centres containing variety of stores changed consumer patterns

Answer 9

Migration - technology - workers - consumers blah blah blah

Answer 10

Post war era = anxiety and struggle During 1950s- AA quickened pace of struggle for equality by challenging segregation in court. New youth culture emerged w its own form of music - rock and roll. Harrington’s ‘The Other America (1962) documented poverty in the US and revealed that by 1960, 35 million Americans lived below poverty line Despite expansion of social security - older Americans often lived in substandard housing with inadequate housing and food and medical care Poverty not recognised as problem until 60s Bracero program bought Mexican workers to US to work on American farms. Although - expected to return to Mexico at end of Harvest or labour contract - many opted to stay and become illegal aliens. Millions deported 1953-55 Women continued earning less then men. Magazines such as ‘Life’ dent message that women should focus on creating beautiful home and raising family NA who experienced policy of termination of self determination in 50s and early 60s pressed for control over their lands and resources , the preservation of native culture and tribal self government Homosexuals and lesbians organised to end legal discrimination based on sexual orientation

Answer 11

Won Florida And Tennessee Republican

Answer 12

Enjoying benefits of booming economy Millions of families for first television and second cars Young people went to drive in movies and followed latest fashion- poodle skirts

Answer 13

Difficult decisions w civil rights Communism Domestic affair controversial issues

Answer 14

A more moderate course which preserved individuals freedom and the market economy yet insured gov would intervene to assist those who lost jobs or to ill or aged could not provided for themselves

Answer 15

Legislation which expanded social security, increased minimum wage and created department of health, education and welfare Supported gov construction of low income housing but favoured more limited spending than had Truman Interstate highway program 1956- 40,000 mile road system

Answer 16

Senator gold water ‘A dime store new deal’ Didn’t like new deal either

Answer 17

Eisenhower often got his way in congress esp during 1st term - but last years as president - w Democrats in control of house and senate - congress spent more for domestic programs than Eisenhower would have preferred President veto to block expensive programmes but domestic spending still rose substantially Size of economy declined 20-18% (during Eisenhower’s years)

Answer 18

Unemployment generally low and inflation 2% or less Moderate success 3/8 budgets were on the blacks Wage earners- prosperity Personal income rose 45% Poverty rate Dec

Answer 19

1/5 Americans in poverty 40 mill Americans poor when Eisenhower left office South= half of country’s poor families 1950s- poverty inc in north -> migration of AA who left south for city like Chicago as new farm machines took jobs. New AA - urban- settle for low paying employment - discrimination Children and adults more likely to experience poverty than 18-65 year olds

Answer 20

McCarthy said Truman soft on communism Media gave McCarthy loads of attention - 1954- 60% had televisions Eisenhower worries about communists but disliked McCarthy methods and guilty until proven innocent McCarthy said communist influence in army - Eisenhower outraged as he served most like there Eisenhower - quietly against McCarthy - tv - a lawyer working for army ‘have you no sense of decency?’- millions agreed

Answer 21

Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice.- hopes Warren would be conservative on civil rights Little Rock nine 1957- first civil rights leg since reconstruction - provides new federal protection for voting rights - In south AA poll tax literacy test etc - but leg Eisenhower deigned weaker than Bill he sent to Capitol Hill - southern dem secured Amendment that era jury trial to determine whether citizen denied right to vote. But in southern states AA no serve on jury’s - not in their favour 1960- second civil rights law Only small advances over earlier law President also used constitutional powers where he believed they were clear specific to advance desegregation eg in federal facilities in nations capital to complete desegregation of the armed forces began during Truman’s presidency Eisenhower appointed judges to federal court who’s rulings helped advance civil rights

Answer 22

Eisenhower X like racial issues- but couldn’t avoid Brown v board of education 1954- racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional —> NEVER SPOKE IN FAVOUR OF IT Faunus - Governor prevented desecration of Little Rock high school After meeting w Eisenhower - agreed to let in Then he withdrew national guard - allowed violent mob Eisenhower dispatched federal troops- enforce law FIRST TIME SINCE RECON PRES SENT MILITSRY FORCES IN SOUTH TO ENFORCE FEDERAL LAW he said in a televised address X letting Little Rock - Harming US prestige and giving communists propaganda to misrepresent nation 1958/Central high = first AA graduate But in sept 1958- Faunus closed public schools to prevent integration Eisenhower said :( but did nothing When Eisenhower left White House - only 6% AA students attended interstates schools

Answer 23

Urged advocates of desegregation to go slowly Sympathetic to white southerners who said lives changing too much Only once 1958- meet with AA leaders - became irritated when he heard appeals for aggressive federal action to advance civil rights Didn’t use MLK junior advice - use bulky pulpit - popular support for civil rights

Answer 24

58% electoral vote Popular vote - v close W independent power

Answer 25

Gave more important gov jobs to AA than any other president before him and created the Commission on equal employment opportunity Kennedy submitted civil rights bill to congress which became law after he died - slaves grandchildren not free from injustice Helped Meredith - black Mississippian Athens white university of Mississippi. She enrolled 1962- but was violence 1963 equal pay act - apparently helped feminist movement

Answer 26

CEEO only helped those who already had gov job and did nothing to find jobs for millions of unemployed AA He tried to get MLK not to do match on Washington No women in cabinet

Answer 27

JFK cut taxes making $900 mill available to businesses to create new jobs and gave grants to companies to buy high tech equip and train workers to use it

Answer 28

New equipment meant that fewer workers were needed so some people lost jobs Also many of new jobs created by gov required a lot of money to run, so they were vulnerable to spending cuts 1963- 4.5 mill unemployed

Answer 29

JFK created training schemes for the unemployment and his social security act increased benefits for the elderly and unemployed

Answer 30

JFK inc minimum wage from $1-$1.45 an hour - but this was only helpful to those who were in work He made $5 billion available for loans and improving houses but these were only helpful if you could afford loan repayments

Answer 31

Established peace corps which was an organisation that sent volunteers abroad to assist people in poorer countries working as teachers, nurses, doctors and technical advisors

Answer 32

His effforts to provide federal funds for schools were denied Southern politicians refused to support his plans

Answer 33

Clean air act Started tackle enviro issues

Answer 34

Took office in depth of 4 major recession since WW2 Some dem conservative. A Republican coalition with conservative dem blocked Kennedy’s proposal for school construction, teacher salaries and scholarships Civil rights - violence etc Meredith

Answer 35

Civil rights bill

Answer 36

Vast amount of money into schools Federal fund to Catholic schools Medicare - health expenses for senior citizens

Answer 37

Environmental protection laws Influential immigration act Bill to provide consumers with some protection against shoddy goods and dangerous products To address inequality in education - vast amounts of money poured into colleges to fund certain students and projects and into federal aid for elementary and secondary education Federal fund to catholic schools Department of housing and urban development formed - weaver = first AA in cabinet to head it Johnson won passage of Medicare - federal funding of many health care expenses for senior citizens. The medically indigent of any age who could afford access to health care would be covered under a related ‘Medicaid’ program funded in part by national government and run by states under their welfare programs

Answer 38

US not done enough 47-56 —> poverty line dropped 11% 56-62 —> poverty line dropped 2% Unemployment - black youth 25%- less at that time then white youths - though it had been only 8% 20 years before

Answer 39

Republicans

Answer 40

CAA agency - supervise agencies providing social services, mental health services, health services m, employment etc Eco opportunity Act BUT REPUB AGAINST Head Start Program of early education for poor children, the legal services Corporation, providing legal aid to poor families and various health care programs run out of neighbourhood clinics and hospitals Medicare and Medicaid 19 mill members 1966 57 mill today Better health care Reduced poverty, break racial caste system

Answer 41

CAA - local communities activists wanted power over it In 1967- Congress given this - discouraged tendencies towards radicalism towards CAA Voting rights act - riots Vietnam Ordering FBI to spy on domestic opponents, inc civil rights leaders, anti war groups, “black power” advocates and even R Kennedy Controversy surrounding war on poverty hurt democrats - contributing to their defeat in 1968 and engendering deep antagonism from racial, fiscal and cultural conservatives

Answer 42

As senator - moderate on race issues - part of effort to give civil rights to AA Did a lot for safe passage of 57+60 civil rights act as leader of house Passed JFK proposed 1964 civil rights act ending segregation in public facilities Following year- Civil right activists focussed on denial of voting rights in South (since 1890s) 1965- black demonstrators in Selma Alabama, marching for voting rights were attacked my police dogs and bested bloody scenes came on national telivison SO Johnson passed Voting Rights Act 65- abolish literacy tests in counties where voting rates below certain threshold which covered most south. Turnout tripled within 4 years - v close to white turnout in south Many conservatives left demo party in opp to Johnson civil rights. Joined Republican Party

Answer 43

64&5 civil rights act not enough to stop de facto and north poverty, attitudes and structural racism that Vietnam war revealed 64-8 race riots from black youth 68 MLK. Assassinated Johnson appointed Kerner Commision to look into why so much unrest - blamed inequality and racism for riots 1966 urban riots and rising crime - mourning opp to his policy in Vietnam’s - approval ratings 35% 67&68

Answer 44

Great society

Answer 45

States - landslide 49/50

Answer 46

Unemployment doubled 69-70 3-6

Answer 47

Decreased sig

Answer 48

During Nixon’s administration Period of high inflation and unemployment - stagflation Unemployment was unusually low when Nixon took office 1969 (3%) but inflation was rising Nixon adopted policy called Gradualism -restricting growth of money supply to reign in economic boom during Johnson

Answer 49

Did not produce quick results Inflation wasn’t solved By end of 1970 unemployment rose to 6% :( Burns of federal reserve asserted his independence by giving the president an ultimatum. If Nixon failed to hold federal spending under $200 billion, Burns would continue to keep the money supply tight to fight inflation To save money Nixon delayed pay raises to federal employees by 6 months One result was strike by nationals postal workers 1971- 6% unemployed 1971- Nixon gathered all economic advisors and formed New Economic Policy.- went against principle but dramatic turnout - tax cuts, temp close of gold window etc. 10% import tax

Answer 50

New economic policy

Answer 51

1973 Expansive fiscal and monetary policies combined with shortage of food (aggravated by massive soviet purchases of American wheat) to fuel inflation And then came oil shock. Oil prices rising even before onset of Arab oil boycott in 1973 When Nixon left office - economy was in the tank, rising unemployment and inflation, lengthening gas lines and crashing stock market

Answer 52

More regulation imposed on economy than any other president since new deal OHSA- occupational safety and health administration - 1970 to prevent on job accidents and death EPA- environmental protection agency and NOAA to sign amendments to the 1967 clear air act for reduction in auto mobiles 1972 noise control act 1974 safe drinking water act 1972 marine mammal protection act BUT billions of dollars needed to implement clean air act - :( Nixon proposed National health insurance programme - prompted health maintenance organisations Loads of welfare - negative income tax - safety net for poor and a financial incentive for welfare recipients to work Also proposed expansion of food stamp programme Supplement security income - guaranteed income for elderly and disabled citizens

Answer 53

Leaked Proved administrations from Truman to Johnson had intentionally expanded Vietnam’s war efforts in contrast to what public told

Answer 54

Hault leaks | Scared - prevent his re election

Answer 55

Used questionable and illegal means to achieve goals -eg Mitchess kept fund to subsidise info gathering on Dem Plan- to steak info from Dem national committee

Answer 56

During 2nd break in burgalers arrested FBI linked to Hunt

Answer 57

Tried to cover Ordered Chief of staff to get CIA to block further FBI investigation into finances behind break in Denied involvement

Answer 58

Washington post journalist Bob Woodworsb- reporter on hunch connection - confirmation from annoymous source - Deepthroat - unrattled Watergate - implicated justice department, FBI, CIA, and White House Deepthroat was felt (found out 2003)

Answer 59

Top investigation - proved connection of watergate burglary, CRP, Whitehouse Deen said Nixon knew about it...had tapes around White House

Answer 60

‘Executive privilege’ - Nixon said

Answer 61

Nixon ‘dismisses attorney general, his deputy and Cox Public outcry Nov- Nixon ‘Well I’m not a crook’

Answer 62

Watergate - 7 indicted Many prison Nixon windited!!!??

Answer 63

Watergate tapes released 18 mins erased Some received hush money to keep quiet

Answer 64

Proved Nixon knew since mid 1972 Forced to step down / impeached

Answer 65

Resign - replaced by Ford

Answer 66

Ford pardoned him (mid term?!)

Answer 67

Arrests New laws made ! New interest it investigative journalism First resignation of US president Pres —> less power m Changed US politics forever

Truman Eisenhower kennedy Johnson Nixon Flashcards

(93 cards)