Foreign Policy 1865-1920 Flashcards

Question

When was France and Austria trying to invade Mexico

Answer 1

Wanted diplomatic pressure in Mexico Seward pursuer an ambitious interventionist foreign policy, acquiring naval bases in the Caribbean and across the Ishnis of Panama Many of these schemes failed to materialise but he did gain Midway Island in Pacific and Alaska Purchase Died in 1869- successor was Fisk

Answer 2

Opportunist

Answer 3

The Russian American company became a drain on resources Russia feared US might just try seize the territory anyway

Answer 4

$7.2 million

Answer 5

Denounced my politicians and press as foolish expensive mistake

Answer 6

Strong commercial links were established to Wear Coast Ports like Seattle and SAN Francisco The economic potential of the region for fish fur mining and logging became widely recognised even before ALASKA YUKON GOLD RUSH LATE 1890s There was further dispute w Alaska but this resolved 1903

Answer 7

In 1865 Canada like US was an unfinished nation w tenuous links to west The US-Canadian border has been agreed by treaties in 1842-6 However, this only covered Eastern Canada from Great Lakes to Atlantic The west was an open question

Answer 8

Fenian Raids Red River Colony Western Canadian province of British Columbia

Answer 9

A secret revolutionary group founded in Dublin by Stephens Mohomy headed its American wing- known as the Fenian brotherhood - who’s ultimate goal was to free Ireland from British rule While the IRB original ambitions were limited in Ireland itself, a militant Fenian faction led by Roberts advocated extending war of liberation to British North America

Answer 10

Wanted to enter negotiations with British empire to exchange Canada for Ireland’s independence More realistic members of Fenian Brotherhood understood this was far fetched They focussed instead on possibility that the attack could precipitate war or at least cause enough disturbance to force British empire to reinforce Canada w large number of regular troops Either of these - favourable climate for armed uprising in Ireland itself

Answer 11

5 of them Initially US turned a blind eye because of Alabama Claims. This was because of the apparent support given by British Canadians to the Confederacy during Civil War For example - the Union objected to the building of Confederate ships in British docklands Negotiations to settle this began and issue was settled with 1872 compensation

Answer 12

US gov took action against Fenians Raids aroused genuine fear of American annexation These fears pushed the Canadian provinces to join together in a national confederation A 2nd area of dispute was the Red River Colony Americans saw the fertile red river as ideal settlement and wanted to extend American control northwards Tensions ran high 1866-70

Answer 13

After purchase of Alaska- 1867-seemed American annexation of entire Pacific coast might occur Seward was an annexationalist and he and many Canadians were confident British Columbia would voluntarily become part of US Eventually- fears of annexation filled by commitment to built national railroad to connect British Columbia w rest of nation Completed 1866- fears of annexation abated From 1871- tensions were generally low apart from Alaska boundary issue- amicably revolted 1903

Answer 14

Secretary of State 1881+1889-92 Leading republican pres candidate 1884 By 1881- wanted to promote freeer trade esp within Western Hemisphere Blaine under Garfield and Harrison emphasised ‘Good Neighbour Policy’ creates bilateral treaties to secure US trade

Answer 15

In guilded age - US companies like United Fruit became largest land wonders and employers on many central US nations

Answer 16

US business flooded Latin America with goods, brought raw materials and undercut local Latin American business

Answer 17

First international conference of American states

Answer 18

Established the Americas as a loose affiliation of nations Blaine developed ideas for conference which he hoped would establishes new diplomatic ties between different nations of America’s His reasons: Blaine’s wariness of British interference in America was strong - he saw inc trade with Latin America as the best way to keep Britain from dominating region He believed by encouraging exports, he could increase American prosperity. Garfield agreed with him and Blaine called for Pan American conference 1882 to mediate disputes among Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increased trade

Answer 19

At same time - Blaine hopes to negotiate a peace in War of Pacific then being fought by Bolina, Chile and Peru Blaine sought to expand US influence in other areas calling for renegotiation or Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, allowing US to construct a canal through Panama w/out British involvement in strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii His plans for US involvement in world stretched beyond Western Hemisphere as he sought commercial treaties wit Korea and Madagascar By 1882- new secretaries reversed Blaine’s Latin American initiatives (Ferlinghusen and Bayard)

Answer 20

Important trade routes to Asia

Answer 21

Seward did opt to rely on diplomatic pressure on Mexico against France Monroe Doctrine - stay out of European affairs and neutral No US troops staying outside national boundaries in 1870,80 or 90s

Answer 22

Call for military intervention against France in Mexico Monroe Doctrine potential to intervene Manifest destiny arguably a form of imperialism Territorial consolidation in this period

Answer 23

Settling of ‘empty west’ and a giant leap forward for modernity and progress fulfilling a civilising mission Natives were noble savages and a barrier to progress Natives were depicted as racially and culturally inferior and a problem for gov

Answer 24

Numerous nations - each with own ways and customs - own ancestral land own political and social structures

Answer 25

War, treaties, executive decisions by gov enforced by US army

Answer 26

101- the worst up to this period was Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado 1874

Answer 27

Treaty of medicine lodge 1867 - 3 treaties between Indian Peace Commission set up by Congress and the Indian Nation of Southern Plains The result was new border intention - to ensure control over white encroachment onto native land Treaty of Fort Laramie 1866-68 was similar - It was established w Scoux Nation after Redclouds War 1866-68 Lead by Red Clouds to stop white encroachment (invasion on territory)

Answer 28

Requires natives to accept life on reservations or to assimilate as citizens In part- intended to protect natives from exploitation and corruption Grant appointed Quaker missionaries as agents to ensure higher ethical standards From 1877- Hayes and Schurtz (Secretary of Interior) continued to reform Bureau of Indian Affairs to root out corruption Result was some improvement but agents were often unable to enforce their authority over white settlers Attitudes still remained that Natuves were culturally inferior

Answer 29

Initiation of conflict by white settlers Decision by US gov and Bureau of Indian affairs US army

Answer 30

Great Plains and North West: 1874 Apache Wars ended when Cochise agreed a peace treaty Breaches of 1868 peace treaty by white settlers and gold prospectors led to renewers wars in the Black Hills and to a major defeat of US army at Battle of Little Bighorn 1876 Following this - the Scoux and Cheyenne = brutally suppressed North: Comanche and Cheyenne defeated in Red River War 1874-75. In the Nez Pierce War 1877, Chief Joseph this Nez Perce warriors fought their way over 5 states towards Canada until they were forced to surrender by General Miles

Answer 31

Outbreaks of rebellion like Geronimos War from 1881-86 and Ghost Dance Rebellion of the Lahota Scoux which was crushed at wounded knee 1890 By this point, influx of white settlers pushed natives to margins of society The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 saw 2km acres of Indian Territory as free land to white settlers

Answer 32

Found in red clouds war 66-68 War leader in Black Hills War 1876 After defeat 1877 Sitting Bull went into exile in Canada till 1881- returned to surrender Killed 1890- resisting police sent to arrest him

Answer 33

Chief of Wallowa Nez Perce 1871 Negotiated peace with US army 1873 but army broke agreement in 1877 leading to Nez Perce war Became prominent campaigner for return of Indian land Invited to meet Hayes 1873 Invited to meet T Roosevelt 1903

Answer 34

Fought series of wars against Mexico and US after family killed in Mexican attack Apache wars ended 1874 when Cochise made peace and Apache people confined to a reservation but Geronimo escaped to Mexico 1881 Geronimo War - till 1866 agreed to make peace Later - celeb - ????????

Answer 35

Made colonies 1866- 26 years old Fought in many wars (Indian) eg red river 1866- given command of effort to capture Geronimo Supervised defeat of Ghost dance rebellion Fought Spanish US war

Answer 36

Came to US 1882 after political exile - became pro Republican journalist in Wisconsin 1869-74 —> senator for Missouri, 1st Ger-American in Senate 1877- appointed secretary of interior , response for Indian affairs Later - influential newspaper editor and member of Anti-imperialist league

Answer 37

By 1880 most native Americans were settled on reservations and by 1877 they held 138m acres though much was unsuitable for agriculture During guilded age many attempts to interstate natives to American life

Answer 38

Bureau of Indian affairs - later amended by act of 1849 - transferred Office of Indian Affairs to department on interior - within century - controlled virtually every aspect of Indian existence

Answer 39

Removal tribes to reservations - disease and starving - forced gov to begin providing tribes with food and other supplies Administrating distribution of this aid became responsibility of BIA But by 1860s- agency not discharging its duties response Unscrupulous Indian agents inc misery on reservations generated hostility 1867- Congress appointed a Peace Commision to study problems of the BIA’s administration of reservations

Answer 40

1876- congress formed it to study the problems of the BIA’s administration of reservations The commision recommended many changes included the appointment of honest more effective agents and the establishment of a separate, independent agency for Indian affairs Some improvements were forthcoming but the recommendations to remove the BIA from the Interior Department and establish it as an independent agency was never followed

Answer 41

Assimilation era BIA’s presence in reservations increase dramatically Indian agents became responsible for operating schools, despising justice, distributing supplies, administrating allotments and leasing contracts By 1900, Indian agents had in effort become the tribal government

Answer 42

Provided each head of Indian family with 160 acres of farmland or 320 grazing land Then all remaining open for white Force assimilation 1899- Oklahoma land rush - 2 eastern women came to Nez Persh- determined to implement Dawes Act Fletches - leader - ‘friends of indians’ Natives didn’t agree with the act and said they had no choice Fletcher marked new boundaries - measuring women - for 4 years tried to divide land fairly while fending off whites who wanted the best land Before Dawes act - 150 million acres in Indian hands 20 years later - 2/3 gone

Answer 43

1890 Response to conditions in reservations Final defeat

Foreign Policy 1865-1920 Flashcards

(73 cards)