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features of memory stores Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of memory stores?

A

The features are coding, capacity, and duration.

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2
Q

What does coding refer to in memory stores?

A

Coding refers to the format in which information is stored.

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3
Q

What does capacity refer to in memory stores?

A

Capacity refers to the amount of information that can be held.

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4
Q

What does duration refer to in memory stores?

A

Duration refers to the length of time information can be held.

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5
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

The sensory register is the memory store for each of the five senses, such as vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store).

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6
Q

What is the coding in the iconic sensory register?

A

The coding in the iconic sensory register is visual.

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7
Q

What is the coding in the echoic sensory register?

A

The coding in the echoic sensory register is acoustic.

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8
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

A

The capacity of the sensory register is huge.

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9
Q

What is the duration of information in the sensory register?

A

Information lasts for a very short time - less than half a second.

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10
Q

What is short-term memory (STM)?

A

STM is a limited-capacity memory store.

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11
Q

What is the coding in short-term memory (STM)?

A

Coding in STM is mainly acoustic (sound).

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12
Q

What is the capacity of short-term memory (STM)?

A

The capacity is between 5 and 9 items on average.

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13
Q

What is the duration of short-term memory (STM)?

A

The duration is between about 18 and 30 seconds.

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14
Q

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

A

LTM is a permanent memory store.

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15
Q

What is the coding in long-term memory (LTM)?

A

Coding in LTM is mainly semantic (meaning).

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16
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory (LTM)?

A

LTM has unlimited capacity.

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17
Q

What is the duration of long-term memory (LTM)?

A

LTM can store memories for up to a lifetime.

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18
Q

What are the coding, capacity, and duration for the sensory register (SR)?

A

Coding: Iconic, Echoic, Haptic, Gustatory, Olfactory.
Capacity: High.
Duration: Less than half a second.

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19
Q

What are the coding, capacity, and duration for short-term memory (STM)?

A

Coding: Acoustic.
Capacity: 7±2.
Duration: 18-30 seconds.

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20
Q

What are the coding, capacity, and duration for long-term memory (LTM)?

A

Coding: Semantic.
Capacity: Unlimited.
Duration: Unlimited.

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21
Q

What is the Sensory Register (SR)?

A

The SR is an automatic response to the reception of information by the sense organs.

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22
Q

How is information coded in the Sensory Register?

A

Information is coded depending on the sense organ: visual information is stored iconically, auditory information in echoic format, touch information is stored haptically, taste information in gustatory format, and smells are stored olfactorily.

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23
Q

What is the capacity of the Sensory Register?

A

The capacity of the SR is large as the senses provide detailed information.

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24
Q

What is the duration of information in the Sensory Register?

A

The duration is limited, with different types of information within the SR decaying at different rates.

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25
What did Crowder (1993) find about the duration of the Sensory Register?
Crowder found that the SR retains information for a few milliseconds in the iconic store, but for two to three seconds for the echoic store.
26
What does Crowder's research support?
It supports the idea of sensory information being coded into different sensory stores within the SR, with different stores having different durations.
27
What was the method used by Sperling (1960) in his research?
Sperling flashed a 3 x 4 grid of letters onto a screen for one-twentieth of a second and asked participants to recall the letters of one row.
28
What is the limitation of sensory memory research?
The research often lacks mundane realism because it uses artificial tasks that do not reflect real-life situations. This questions the validity of the research.
29
What did Triesman (1964) discover about the echoic store?
Participants noticed identical auditory messages if the delay between presentations was two seconds or less, suggesting a limited duration of two seconds for the echoic store.
30
What does evidence suggest about the capacity of the iconic store?
Evidence suggests that the iconic store can hold 15-20 images, but the capacity of other sensory stores is not well studied.
31
Why are the stores apart from iconic store not well studied?
Because they the other stores have a more limited duration, and generally only identified at a pre-conscious level.
32
What can the limited duration of other stores apart from iconic suggest?
That each sense has a different capacity
33
What is the brief duration of sensory memory (SR) explained by?
The brief duration of the SR can be explained from an evolutionary perspective. People only need to focus on perceptual information with an immediate survival rate.
34
Why do humans struggle to remember sensory information for long periods?
Humans are poor at remembering sensory information for long periods if it is deemed unnecessary.
35
What does Short-Term Memory (STM) do?
STM temporarily stores information received from the SR and is an active memory system containing information currently being thought about.
36
What was the aim of Baddeley's (1966) research?
To assess coding in STM and LTM.
37
What were the four sets of word lists used in Baddeley's research?
Acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar, semantically dissimilar.
38
Give an example of acoustically similar words.
Map, man, mad.
39
Give an example of acoustically dissimilar words.
Pen, day, few.
40
Give an example of semantically similar words.
Big, large, grand.
41
Give an example of semantically dissimilar words.
Hot, old, late.
42
What was the purpose of the word list recall study?
To assess short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) by recalling the order of word lists immediately and after 20 minutes.
43
What were the findings regarding acoustically similar words?
Participants had the worst recall immediately for acoustically similar words, indicating confusion among similar sounding words.
44
What were the findings regarding semantically similar words?
Participants had the worst recall after 20 minutes for semantically similar words, indicating confusion among words with similar meanings.
45
What does the immediate recall of similar sounding words suggest about STM?
It suggests that STM is acoustically coded, as participants remembered other lists of words well.
46
What does the delayed recall of similar meaning words suggest about LTM?
It suggests that LTM is semantically coded, as participants remembered other lists of words well.
47
What was the aim of Jacobs' (1887) study?
To see if there was a pattern in the capacity of short-term memory (STM).
48
What technique did Jacobs develop to measure STM capacity?
He developed a digit span technique to measure how many items an individual can remember and repeat back in order.
49
What is the mean span for digits across participants according to Jacobs' findings?
The mean span for digits was 9.3 items.
50
How is capacity determined in Jacobs' digit-span test?
Participants are judged to have reached their capacity when they fail on 50% of tasks.
51
What is the mean span for letters across participants?
The mean span for letters across participants was 7.3. This indicates that STM can hold 7-9 items.
52
What was the aim of Miller's 1956 study?
To research the capacity of STM and to try to increase the amount of information recalled.
53
What procedure did Miller use in his study?
He observed that things come in sevens and used the digit span technique, chunking items into groups.
54
What were the findings of Miller's study?
People could recall 5 words just as well as they can recall 5 letters via chunking.
55
What conclusion did Miller draw from his study?
Chunking can increase the capacity of STM, termed 'the magical number 7'.
56
What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson's 1956 study?
To research the duration of STM.
57
What was the procedure used in Peterson and Peterson's study?
24 students were given a trigram and a three-digit number, counting backwards to prevent rehearsal, and were stopped after various retention intervals.
58
What were the findings of Peterson and Peterson's study?
STM lasts about 18 seconds, with very few people correctly recalling the trigram after this duration.
59
What conclusion did Peterson and Peterson draw from their study?
STM may have a very short duration unless information is rehearsed.
60
What is a limitation of research into memory?
Research often uses artificial stimuli, which lack mundane realism and may not reflect real-life situations.
61
How does the use of artificial stimuli limit external validity?
It may not represent everyday behavior, as tasks like recalling shopping lists are more familiar than random word lists.
62
What type of coding is primarily used in Short-Term Memory (STM)?
Coding in STM is primarily acoustic.
63
What other types of sensory codes are used in STM?
Other sensory codes are used for stimuli that are difficult to code acoustically, such as faces and food.
64
What did Daneman and Carpenter (1980) find about individual differences in STM capacity?
They found that STM capacity varied between 5 and 20 items based on reading comprehension ability.
65
How does expectation affect STM duration according to Marsh et al. (1997)?
If participants were not expecting to recall information, STM duration was only between 2 and 4 seconds.
66
What did Reitman (1974) suggest about the duration of STM?
He suggested that the brief duration of STM is due to displacement, where new information pushes out existing information.
67
What is the relationship between duration and capacity in STM?
The duration and capacity of STM are closely linked to each other.
68
What is the process for information to be stored in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
All information in LTM is believed to have passed through Sensory Register (SR) and STM.
69
How do the strengths of different memories in LTM vary?
Some memories can be retrieved easily and are considered 'strong', while weaker memories require more prompting.
70
What was Wagenaar's (1986) aim in his study on LTM capacity?
To see if the capacity of LTM could be measured.
71
What method did Wagenaar use to test his recall of events?
He created a diary of 2,400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of the events rather than the dates.
72
What were Wagenaar's findings regarding his recall ability?
He could recall and describe most of the events in the diary.
73
What conclusion can be drawn about the capacity of LTM?
The capacity of LTM is extremely large.
74
What was the aim of Bahrick's 1975 study?
To research the duration of long-term memory (LTM).
75
How many participants were studied in Bahrick's research?
392 American participants aged between 17 and 74.
76
What methods were used to test recall in Bahrick's study?
Photo recognition (50 photos from a person's yearbook) and free recall (participants recalled all the names of their graduating class).
77
What were the findings regarding photo recognition accuracy?
90% accuracy for participants who graduated within 15 years and about 70% after 48 years.
78
What were the findings regarding free recall accuracy?
60% accuracy for free recall after 15 years and about 30% after 48 years.
79
What conclusion can be drawn from Bahrick's study?
LTM lasts for a very long time, especially for faces.
80
What does the evaluation suggest about coding in LTM?
LTM may be coded in different ways, including semantically and acoustically.
81
What was a strength of Bahrick et al's study?
High external validity due to the use of real-life meaningful memories.
82
What was a limitation of Bahrick's study?
Confounding variables were not controlled, affecting the validity of the findings.
83
How does the use of artificial stimuli in memory research limit findings?
It lacks mundane realism and may not represent everyday behavior.

psychology - memory (6 decks)

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