types of long term memory Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are the types of long-term memory?
Episodic, semantic, procedural.
What is long-term memory?
Memories that are stored over an extended period.
What is episodic memory?
A long-term memory store for personal events, including when events occurred and details about people, objects, places, and behaviors involved.
How must episodic memories be retrieved?
Consciously and with effort.
What is semantic memory?
A long-term memory store for knowledge of the world, including facts and meanings of words and concepts.
How are semantic memories usually recalled?
Deliberately.
What is procedural memory?
A long-term memory store for knowledge of how to do things, including learned skills.
How is recall of procedural memories typically achieved?
Without making a conscious or deliberate effort.
What is the duration for memories to be classified as long-term?
Above 30 seconds.
What are the two main types of long-term memory?
Declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memories.
What are explicit memories?
Memories that can be inspected and recalled consciously, such as episodic and semantic memory.
What are implicit memories?
Memories that are unable to be consciously recalled, such as procedural memory.
What does episodic memory cover?
Any event that can be reported from a person’s life, including times and places involved.
What is an example of episodic memory?
Recalling a visit to the zoo with a friend last week.
This memory is ‘time stamped’.
Which brain areas are involved in episodic memory?
The prefrontal cortex for initial coding, and the neocortex and hippocampus for consolidation and storage.
What does semantic memory involve?
Conscious recall of facts that have meaning.
Give an example of semantic memory.
Recalling that you listen to music using your ears.
This does not require knowing when or where you learned this fact.
What brain regions are involved in semantic memory?
The hippocampus, frontal lobes, and temporal lobes are thought to be involved in semantic memory.
What is procedural memory?
Procedural memory describes the implicit knowledge of tasks that usually do not require conscious recall to perform them.
Can you give an example of procedural memory?
One example would be riding a bike - you might struggle to consciously remember how to perform the task, but individuals can unconsciously perform it with relative ease.
How does procedural memory relate to language?
Procedural memory is involved with language as it helps people to speak automatically without thinking how to do so.
What advantage does procedural memory provide?
As procedural memory does not require conscious thought, it permits people to simultaneously perform other cognitive tasks that require attention.
Which brain regions are thought to be involved with procedural memory?
The neocortex including the primary motor cortex, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex are thought to be involved with procedural memory.
What did Tulving (1989) find regarding episodic and semantic memory?
Tulving found that there was greater activation in the frontal lobes during thinking about episodic memories and greater activation in the posterior region when retrieving semantic information.