Feed Additives

Question 1

What are feed additives?

Answer 1

Non-nutritive substances
Added in small quantities
Achieve specific beneficial effects
Used extensively in livestock

Question 2

Why use feed additives?

Answer 2

Improve feed quality, promote animal health, enhance animal performance
Antibiotic killing gram-positive bacteria to promote certain gut biome in rumen to protect against pathogenic gram positive bacteria

Question 3

Who regulates feed additives?

Answer 3

FDA

Question 4

True or false. Feed additives are classified as drugs.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

How do you get FDA approval for a feed additive?

Answer 5

1. Establish it is safe and effective
2. Establish safe for humans and environment
3. Establish chemical and manufacturing specifications
4. Extensive research

Question 6

What will the FDA do before approval?

Answer 6

Monitor labeling and feeding, monitor safety of animal products
Marketing permitted after approval

Question 7

What are the classifications of feed additives?

Answer 7

Medicated feed: feed mixed with approved drug
Medicated product: stand-alone medication

Question 8

What are the different types of medicated feed?

Answer 8

Category 1: safest, no withdrawal period
Category 2: requires withdrawal period for at least one species

Question 9

What are the different types of medicated products?

Answer 9

Type A: concentrated premix of product; added to other feedstuffs prior to feeding
Type B: added to other feedstuffs, lower drug concentration than A
Type C: prepared for feeding as complete food, top-dressor ad-libitum

Question 10

Which types of additives improve manufacturing or feed properties?

Answer 10

Antifungal agents, antioxidants, pellet binders

Question 11

What are antifungal agents?

Answer 11

Prevent growth of fungi and mold in feeds

Question 12

What does fungus do when eaten?

Answer 12

Produce toxins, alter chemical composition, alter animal metabolism

Question 13

How can fungus affect the animal?

Answer 13

Reduce palatability, detrimental to health and productivity, varies with species

Question 14

What are the 7 antifungal agents?

Answer 14

Propionic acid, sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium diacetate, sorbitol acid, ammonia, phosphoric acid

Question 15

What are antioxidants?

Answer 15

Minimizes oxidation and rancidity in feedstuffs
Interferes with lipid perioxidation process by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons to free radicals

Question 16

What are the 3 synthetic antioxidants?

Answer 16

Ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

Question 17

What are the 3 natural antioxidants?

Answer 17

Vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium

Question 18

What are pellet binders?

Answer 18

Enhance firmness and strength of pellets, prevent crumbling, reduce sorting and waste

Question 19

What are the 3 pellet binders?

Answer 19

Bentonites, molasses’s and lipids, wheat

Question 20

What are pellet binders common in feed?

Answer 20

Taste sweet so increase palatability

Question 21

Why are flavoring agents used?

Answer 21

Improve palatability and acceptance of feed
Beneficial for rations with low palatability, animals in distress, high producing animals

Question 22

What are natural flavoring agents made from?

Answer 22

Plant or animal sources

Question 23

What are nature-identical flavoring agents made from?

Answer 23

Chemical synthesis, chemically identical to natural products

Question 24

What are artificial flavoring agents made from?

Answer 24

Chemical synthesis, higher consistency and quality compared with natural

Question 25

How do enzymes improve efficiency in feedstuffs?

Answer 25

Common in Monogastric diets Reduce anti nutritional effects by improving phosphate retention through phytate and non-starch polysaccharides

Question 26

What are some enzymes?

Answer 26

Phytases Carbohydrases: rye and wheat, barley and oats

Question 27

What are the benefits of using enzymes?

Answer 27

Improved growth rate, improved feed efficiency, reduced inflammation

Question 28

What are direct fed microbials?

Answer 28

Substances containing live microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast

Question 29

Why use direct fed microbials in feed?

Answer 29

Improve digestion, boost nutrient utilization, strengthen immune system

Question 30

What are the 3 main types of direct fed microbials?

Answer 30

Probiotics: live cultures of microorganisms that contain lactobacillus and bifidobacterium Prebiotics: nondigestible ingredients that serve as food for microbes such as lactulose, mannan-oligosaccharide, inulin, and fructooligosaccharides Symbiotics: mixture of the two

Question 31

What are hormones?

Answer 31

Chemical compounds produced in specific regions that are then transported to different parts of the body to perform certain functions Utilized to improve animal production Only 1 approved by FDA

Question 32

What are some hormones used as a feed additive?

Answer 32

Melengestrol acetate (MGA) Synthetic progesterone, suppresses estrus and ovulation, improves gain and feed efficiency in feedlot heifers, maintains intake and performance in steers

Question 33

What are antibiotics?

Answer 33

Produced by living microorganisms Have bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties

Question 34

What are subtherapeutic levels?

Answer 34

Feed additives administered in low amounts which aids in control of infectious diseases Best for young, sick, or stressed animals

Question 35

Why is the use of subtherapeutic levels in livestock controversial?

Answer 35

Extensive use could cause resistance build up

Question 36

What are therapeutic doses?

Answer 36

A larger amount given to treat or control disease usually during transportation

Question 37

What are Ionophores?

Answer 37

Alter population of microorganisms by inhibiting growth of gram positive bacteria which alters the rumen metabolism (acetic acid to propionic acid) Not approved for lactating dairy cattle

Question 38

What are some other functions of ionophores?

Answer 38

Reduced incidence of lactic acidosis, decrease degradation of protein in rumen, aid in control of coccidiosis, face and horn flies

Question 39

What are coccidiostats used for?

Answer 39

Preventing and controlling coccidiosis Inhibit reproduction and development of coccidia Protozoa

Question 40

What are anthelmintics(dewormer) used for?

Answer 40

Additives to prevent and control parasitic organisms in animal

Question 41

Production agriculture aims to ___

Answer 41

Produce safe, Wholesome, and cost effective food products that are acceptable to the consumer

Question 42

Why are xanthophylls added to poultry rations?

Answer 42

Increase intensity of yellow pigmentation in eggs and skins

Question 43

What are the natural sources of xanthophylls?

Answer 43

Green plants, yellow corn, other yellow-red pigmented plants, marigold petal meal, dried algae