FEEDSTUFFS & FORAGES Flashcards
(40 cards)
What are the 4 macronutrients required by ruminants?
- Energy
- Fat
- Protein
- Water
What is the most important macronutrients?
WATER
What are the functions of the water? 2 main ones, total of 8 functions.
- Moves food through the digestive tract
- ** Regulates body temperature
- Medium for carrying essential nutrients throughout the body (blood)
- Lubricates joints and organs
- Element for chemical reactions in the body (input/output chemical reactions)
- Waste excretion from the body
- Lubrication during birth
- ** Main component of blood plasma, semen plasma, CSF
Monogastric (pigs) gets their energy through… and ruminants through…
Monogastric (pigs): grains
Ruminant: roughage
4 categories of source of energy in ruminants are…
- Fiber
- Fat
- Starch and sugar
- Protein
** will provide all energy requirements **
Which source of energy is the easiest used?
Which one is the hardest used?
Starch and sugar (carbs)!
Hardest: proteins!
How can forage be offered?
Via…
- Grazing (fresh)
- Dried
- Green chop
- Silage
- Acid treated
Is there specific grazing forage for cool and warm season? Is there some always there?
YES! There’s some grazing forage in cool season annuals and perennials.
Cool season annuals: Ryegrass, oats, wheat, tritacale, barley
Perennials: Tall Fescue-1*** (don’t want to overload), Timothy-2, Brome grass-3, Bermuda grass
Why perennials are nice to use?
Because they grow with the animal. When animals are done growing, the plant stops too. Go trough animal cycle, they work very well!
What are the fat sources for monogastrics and ruminants
Monogastric: By-products
Ruminants: Hay –> legumes, grass, cereal grain
What is reallyyyyyy important about hay (also about the EXAM ;)?
Hay must be preserved at DM above 85%!!!
Remember…
What’s NDF? What is it composed of? What does it do to the stomach when eaten?
What’s ADF?
What’s Lignin? Energy value?
NDF: neutral detergent fiber = total fiber content. Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. High fiber forages fill the stomach faster = animal eats less and needs more ration supplements!
ADF: acid-detergent fiber. Measures of the cellulose lignin and pectin fiber fractions. Used to predict energy content of forages.
Lignin: indigestible fiber!!! It has no energy and restricts digestibility of other fiber components.
The less the ADF the…
Why?
… the better the source of those fibers.
Because it calculate the excess (what’s not digested) = a lot is excreted in feces.
What is TDN? What does it calculate?
Is it an efficient calculation for forages and grain?
TDN: total digestible nutrients.
- -> It describes the energy content of feeds as the sum of digestibilities of different nutrients.
- -> NO! The TDN system overestimate energy derived from forages relative to grain.
Does alfalfa have a high nutritional value? What if cut at early bud stage?
YES! If processed at early bud stage = +++ nutritional value.
What is the cereal grain hay used more and more now? What are the 2 others used?
- CORN !!!!
- Wheat (used whole or what is left after cut for human consumption, but less nutritional value in that form)
- Oats
Is feeding hay to ruminants cheap? Why? Explain the 4 different “lost” of hay?
IMPORTANT TO KNOW
NOOOOO! Very costly! Cost 0,02$ and 0,07$ per pound of dry matter (double cost for the same amount of nutrient from pasture).
- -> Large investment in equipment, labor to make it and feed it to the animals, 50% wasted by either poor storage methods or improper feeding practices (e.g. urine or stools on it)
- **4 LOST ***
- Improper feeding
- Improper storage
- Rotting
- Spontaneous combustion
What is the most economically good bale type? The one with the less lost/wast.
Square bale in a rack.
more lost: large round bale in rack or large round bale without rack
How does the hay wasted by cows evolve depending on the day to day supply? 1- day, 2-day, 4-day supply…
From 1-day supply to 4-day supply…
- -> The hay fed per cow per feeding will increase (more hay used for one cow)
- -> The hay refused or wasted will also increase!
Better to give the 1-day supply! (but use a lot of labor to feed cows everyday).
Where to you want to put the feed?
Where you can diminish the lost and the contamination by fecal and urine matter.
What are the 2 type of processing? What is the advantage and disadvantage of each?
Green chop:
+ : no processing = economic! Like ruminating grass but already cut grass
- : Slipping of nutrients when cut.
Silage:
+ : smaller particles = higher feed the intake = more efficient feeding
- : more expensive processing
Why do you want to plant early the corn and why do you want to cut it early? ** IMPORTANT **
The same amount of corn crop harvested for as silage removes more (….), (….) and (….) as when the crop is harvested for grain.
**Early planting of corn for silage increases grain content and somewhat stalk height **
The same amount of corn crop harvested for as silage removes more (than 2x Nitrogen), (3x phosphorus) and (10X potassium) as when the crop is harvested for grain.
What is the advantage to cut the corn into 1/2 to 3/4 inches in length particules for silage? Why not do finer cut silage?
The advantage of cutting the corn particules that size is that it is packs more firmly in the silo and is more palatable to cattle.
Finer cut silage will increase the amount of DM that can be stored but is less palatable = lower butter fat tests when fed as the primary source of roughage for dairy cattle.
Why do you want to cut the corn when “still alive and breathing”? What condition is used in corn silage?
Why do you want to avoid too much air, or escape of CO2 in corn silage?
- -> Corn cut when still alive and breathing. Plants cells and microorganisms form CO2 and heat by using the trapped air.
- -> Anaerobic condition is formed and desirable bacteria start fermentation process.
- -> Too much air, or escape of Co2 allows respiration to continue and cells use too much sugar and carbohydrates. This wastes nutrients needed by the desirable bacteria to preserve the silage.
