Female Genital System 3 Flashcards
(10 cards)
What are the characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by signs and symptoms of androgen excess and ovulatory dysfunction (oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity, polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation, and decreased fertility). The characteristic biochemical abnormalities are elevation of serum androgen concentrations (particularly testosterone and androstenedione), high estrogen, and high LH/FSH ratio. It is associated with insulin resistance and type II diabetes, hypertension, and carries a risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma (due to high estrogen).
What are the gross and microscopic features of polycystic ovaries in PCOS?
Grossly, polycystic ovaries are enlarged, twice the normal size, and studded with numerous subcortical cysts 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter. Microscopically, there is a thickened, fibrotic ovarian capsule overlying numerous cysts lined by granulosa cells.
What are the main types of ovarian tumors based on their cell of origin?
The main types of ovarian tumors based on their cell of origin are: 1. Surface epithelial tumors 2. Sex-cord stromal tumors 3. Germ cell tumors 4. Metastatic tumors
What are the subtypes of surface epithelial tumors, and what is their differentiation based on?
The subtypes of surface epithelial tumors are classified according to the type of differentiation: A. Serous tumors → (tubal differentiation) B. Mucinous tumors → (endocervical epithelium) C. Endometrioid tumors → (endometrial differentiation, associated with endometriosis) D. Brenner tumors → (transitional epithelium resembling the urinary system) E. Clear cell carcinoma F. Undifferentiated carcinoma
What are the characteristics of serous ovarian tumors, and how are they classified?
Serous ovarian tumors are the most common ovarian surface epithelial tumors and make up the greatest fraction of malignant ovarian tumors. They are classified into: • Benign (serous cystadenoma) • Borderline • Malignant (serous cystadenocarcinoma)
What are the gross and microscopic features of serous cystadenoma and serous cystadenocarcinoma?
Serous cystadenoma: • Grossly: Smooth glistening outer surface, filled with clear serous fluid, cystic mass of thin wall, unilocular or multilocular. • Microscopically: Lined by a single layer of benign ciliated columnar epithelium with psammoma bodies. Serous cystadenocarcinoma: • Grossly: Nodular irregularities (serosal invasion), irregular hemorrhagic and necrotic areas, solid and cystic areas, unilocular or multilocular. • Microscopically: Multilayer malignant columnar epithelium with cellular atypia and stromal invasion, with psammoma bodies.
What are the characteristics of mucinous ovarian tumors, and what is a potential complication if they rupture?
Mucinous ovarian tumors are lined by mucin-secreting columnar epithelium. They are less likely to be malignant and less likely to be bilateral. If they rupture, they can cause implantation of mucinous tumor cells in the peritoneum, leading to pseudomyxoma peritonei.
What are the main types of sex-cord stromal tumors?
The main types of sex-cord stromal tumors are: • Granulosa cell tumor • Thecoma • Fibroma • Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor
What are the effects of a granulosa cell tumor, and why is it considered a low-grade malignant neoplasm?
Granulosa cell tumor is a low-grade malignant neoplasm originating from granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles. It is an estrogen-secreting tumor that can cause: 1. Precocious puberty in children 2. Endometrial hyperplasia 3. Endometrial carcinoma
What are the characteristics of a benign mature cystic teratoma?
Benign mature cystic teratoma is the most common germ cell ovarian tumor (90%). It is a benign tumor in which the cyst is lined by epidermis containing mature tissue derived from all three germ cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Grossly, the cyst is filled with sebaceous materials, hair, teeth, foci of bone or cartilage, and other mature tissues. Microscopically, the cyst is lined by stratified squamous epithelium containing sebaceous glands, hair, nests of bronchial or gastrointestinal epithelium, or other mature tissues.
