GIT 2 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What are the risk factors for esophageal carcinoma?
Obesity, smoking, chronic alcoholics, Barrett esophagus, and pre-existing esophageal diseases such as achalasia and Plummer Vinson syndrome.
What are the three gross patterns of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus?
- Ulcerated, with sharply demarcated margins.
- Fungating (polypoidal, project into the lumen causing obstruction).
- Diffuse infiltrative that tend to spread within the wall, causing thickening, rigidity of the wall, and narrowing of the lumen.
Where does adenocarcinoma of the esophagus usually arise?
Adenocarcinoma generally arises in Barrett esophagus and is usually located in the distal esophagus.
What are the causes of acute gastritis and gastropathy?
Heavy use of NSAIDs (especially aspirin), excessive alcohol consumption, heavy smoking, aging, chemotherapy, irradiation, uremia, systemic infections, severe stress (trauma, burns, surgery), and ingestion of harsh chemicals.
What are the histological features of chronic gastritis?
Infiltration of the mucosa by lymphocytes and plasma cells, frequent lymphoid follicles (mainly with H. pylori), neutrophils within the lamina propria, and other features such as intestinal metaplasia, atrophy, and dysplasia.
What are the sequelae of H. pylori chronic gastritis?
Peptic ulcer, adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma.
What are the sequelae of autoimmune chronic gastritis?
Atrophy, pernicious anemia, adenocarcinoma, and carcinoid tumor.
What is the definition of a peptic ulcer?
A peptic ulcer is a breach in the mucosa of the alimentary tract that extends into the submucosa or deeper, occurring in sites exposed to the action of acid-peptic juices.
What are the gross features of acute peptic ulcers?
Usually small (<1 cm), round, superficial, single or multiple, predominantly gastric but sometimes also duodenal, sharply demarcated with essentially normal adjacent mucosa, and healing with complete re-epithelization.
What is the mechanism of H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis?
The mechanism is unclear but may involve the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and direct damage to epithelial cells by the liberation of toxins and degrading enzymes.
What are the characteristics of autoimmune chronic gastritis?
Autoantibodies against parietal cells and intrinsic factor result in gland destruction, mucosal atrophy, impaired gastric acid secretion (achlorhydria), decreased intrinsic factor leading to vitamin B12 malabsorption (pernicious anemia), reduced serum pepsinogen I levels, antral endocrine cell hyperplasia, and hypergastrinemia.
What are the microscopic features of acute gastritis?
Edema, vascular congestion, and neutrophilic infiltration. In more severe cases, erosion and purulent exudate may be present.
What is the difference between acute gastritis and gastropathy?
Acute gastritis involves the presence of neutrophils, while gastropathy involves cell injury and regeneration with rare or absent inflammatory cells.
What are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?
Smoking, chronic alcohol consumption, and pre-existing esophageal diseases such as achalasia and Plummer Vinson syndrome.
What is the most common site for squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus?
The midportion of the esophagus.
