Female Genital System 4 Flashcards
(11 cards)
What is the most common site of metastasis within the gynecologic tract, and what are the primary sites that metastasize to it?
The ovary is the most common site of metastasis within the gynecologic tract, with primary sites including the breast, lung, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
What is a Krukenberg tumor, and where does it commonly originate?
A Krukenberg tumor is a secondary bilateral mucinous tumor of the ovary, mostly metastasizing from the upper gastrointestinal tract, mainly adenocarcinoma of the stomach, through transcoelomic spread or lymphatic spread.
What are the common causes of salpingitis, and what complications can arise from it?
Salpingitis is almost always infectious in origin. Complications include adherence of the inflamed tube to the ovary, producing a tubo-ovarian abscess, and adhesions of the tubal fimbria, which increase the risk of tubal ectopic pregnancy and infertility.
What is an ectopic pregnancy, and where does it most commonly occur?
An ectopic pregnancy is defined as the implantation of a fertilized ovum in any site other than the uterus. 90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in the fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy), with other sites including the ovaries and the abdominal cavity.
What factors can cause an ectopic pregnancy?
Factors that can cause an ectopic pregnancy include chronic inflammation and scarring of the tubes, intrauterine tumors, and endometriosis, all of which retard the passage of the ovum through the fallopian tube.
What is gestational trophoblastic disease, and what characterizes it?
Gestational trophoblastic disease is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of gestational trophoblast tissue, with elevated blood and urine HCG levels higher than those in a normal pregnancy.
What are the three types of gestational trophoblastic disease according to the WHO classification?
The three types are: 1. Hydatidiform mole (partial mole, complete mole) 2. Invasive mole 3. Gestational choriocarcinoma.
What are the two types of hydatidiform moles, and how do they differ in terms of karyotype and origin?
- Complete H. mole: Fertilization of an empty ovum by a diploid sperm or two sperms, resulting in a diploid 46xx or 46xy karyotype (paternal origin). 2. Partial H. mole: Fertilization of a normal ovum by a diploid sperm or two sperms, resulting in a triploid 69xxy karyotype (paternal and maternal origin).
What are the gross and microscopic features of a complete hydatidiform mole?
Grossly: The uterus is expanded by a friable mass of translucent cystic vesicles containing clear watery fluid (hydropic swelling). No fetal parts are present. Microscopically: Hydropic swelling of chorionic villi with loose edematous connective tissue core, no fetal blood vessels, and proliferation of both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
What is gestational choriocarcinoma, and what percentage of cases follow a complete hydatidiform mole?
Gestational choriocarcinoma is a highly aggressive malignant tumor that arises from gestational chorionic epithelium. 50% follow complete H. mole, 25% follow abortion, 22% following healthy
pregnancy and the remainder follow ectopic pregnancy
▪ High level of serum and urine HCG
What are the common sites of hematogenous spread for gestational choriocarcinoma?
Gestational choriocarcinoma commonly spreads hematogenously to the lungs, brain, liver, and vagina.
