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Physiology > female physiology test 3 smith > Flashcards

female physiology test 3 smith Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Negative feedback loops are the most common homeostatic control mechanisms?

A

true

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2
Q

what are some examples of positive feedback loops?

A

oxytocin in parturition

milk production

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3
Q

what is the hormone released from the hypothalmaus in the HPO loop?

A

gonadotropoin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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4
Q

what are the trophic hormones of the HPO loop?

A 
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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5
Q

what the target hormones of the HPO loop?

A

Estrogens
Progesterone
Inhibins (peptide hormones)

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6
Q

estrogens from the theca cells feedback inhibit what?

A

GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion

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7
Q

Inhibins from the granulosa cells inhibit what?

A

FSH secretion

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8
Q

LH stimulates what?

A

thecal cells only

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9
Q

both LH and FSH stimulate what?

A

granulosa cells

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10
Q

what is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years?

A

Estradiol (E2)

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11
Q

what is the predominant estrogen during menopause?

A

Estrone (E1)

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12
Q

what is the predominant estrogen during pregnancy?

A

Estriol (E3)

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13
Q

Functions of estrogen

A
  • sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristics
  • increases CNS excitability
  • stimulate endometreal proliferation and uterine growth
  • reduce rate of bone re-adsorption
  • increase HDL and triglycerides
  • decreases LDL
  • Enhance blood coagulability
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14
Q

estrogen is at a low point during menses, so the pituitary makes and secretes?

A

FSH and LH

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15
Q

FSH and LH stimulate growth of?

A

premordial ovarian follicles

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16
Q

Prior to ovulation LH, acts predominantly on the theca cells to enhance production of androgenic hormones (androstenedione and testosterone), which cross over the basement membrane of the follicle to granulosa cells which are under FSH influence to produce what?

A

estradiol

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17
Q

E2 increase inhibits what?

A

FSH and LH release

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18
Q

T/F building up to ovulation, FSH and LH have accumulated in anterior pitutiary gland due to high levels of estrogen that predominate follicular phase?

A

True, their release is inhibited by estrogens

19
Q

what causes the LH surge?

A

Temporary Flip to a positive feedback of estrodiol(E2) to released FSH and LH. This leads to ovulation

20
Q

how do birth control pills work?

A

release constant low levels of estrogen and progesterone which inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH therefore the follicular cell never develops

21
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A

begins at ovulation and last 14 days.
-remaining ovarian cells become the corpus luteum and produce some E2 as well has high amounts of progesterone which predominates.

22
Q

what do high levels of progesterone and estrogens caused by the corpus leteum do?

A

inhibit the release of LH and FSH preventing a second ovulation event.

23
Q

if the egg is not fertilized and/ or doesn’t successfully implant what happens?

A

hormones decline with the degeneration of the corpus luteum to corpus albicans and the shedding of the lining of the uterus occurs
-bleeding results due to the decrease in LH levels

24
Q

what hormone dominates the follicular growth phase?

A

estrogen

25
Q

what hormone dominates the luteal (ovulation) phase?

A

progesterone

26
Q

what is the most important progestin?

A

progesterone

27
Q

why is progesterone so important?

A

all steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, progesterones serve as a precursor to synthesis of all estrogens, androgens, and adrenocortical steroids.

28
Q

physiological effects of progesterone

A 
preps uterus for implantation
secretory mechanism of the breast
increases fat deposition
decrease CNS excitability 
increases body temp
decreases PC02 during pregnancy(improves oxygenation of fetus)
29
Q

describe the childhood changes in women

A

a critical body weight must be reached for puberty to occur. This is due to lepitin.
If leptin levels are adequate, the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen and GnRH begins, which triggers FSH and LH, thus increasing ovarian release of estrogens

30
Q

describe the changes at puberty

A

increase estrogen secretion contribute to bone growth, breast development, pubic hair and menarche.

31
Q

what is menarche

A

the first menses and the start of endometrial cycle during puberty of women

32
Q

why does ovulation not usually begin with menarche?

A

levels of FSH and LH continue to rise and then an adult cyclical ovarian pattern usually achieved 2-4 years post-menarche.

33
Q

perimenopause

A

1-10 years preceding onset of menopause
large fluctuation of gonadotropins and estradiol levels are observed due to the loss of inhibins (loss of inhibition of FSH)

34
Q

menopause

A

permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian follicular actvitiy

  • FSH levels are usually elevated
  • Estrone (E1) dominant due to testosterone converted by aromatase in adiopocytes
  • ovaries no longer secret progesterone and estradiol.
35
Q

upon implantation trophoblast cells begin to secrete what?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

36
Q

why is hCG important

A

it bypasses the HPO axis control and prompts the corpus luteum to continue expressing estrogens and progesterone preventing menstruation

37
Q

at 8 weeks what is producing progesterone and estrogen?

A

the placenta because the corpus luteum degenerates and ovaries become inactive until after child birth

38
Q

what happens is hCG levels are inadequate?

A

spontaneous abortion

39
Q

T/F maternal urine estriol excretion can be monitored as an index of the fetus condition?

A

True, the principal estrogen formed during pregnancy is estriol (E3)

40
Q

what are the hormones involved in parturition?

A
  • estrogen: induces uterine oxytocin receptor
  • oxytocin: causues contractions in a positive feedback mechanism
  • relaxin: peptide hormone secreted by the placenta to relax the cervix and pelvic ligaments to ease birth.
41
Q

why is prolactin said to be under predominant inhibitory control?

A
  • prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF) aka dopamine is always produced by hypothalamus
  • only when prolactin is needed (pregnancy and lactation) does the hypothalamus stop production allowing the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin.
42
Q

what causes milk ejection due to suckling of the breast?

A

oxytocin

**positive feedback

43
Q

what is the first fluid called that comes out of the breast?

A 
colostrum.
easy to digest
high in carbs, protein, and antibodies
low in fat
laxative effect

Physiology (14 decks)

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