Female Reproductive System Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

________
• The female gonads or sex glands

• They develop and expel an _____each month

• A woman is born with approximately ______immature eggs called follicles

• In a lifetime: about _______fully matured eggs for fertilization

Ovaries

ovum/egg cell

2-4 million

400 to 500

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Ovaries
• The follicles in the ovaries produce the female sex hormones,(2)

• Maturation of follicles is blocked until______(oocyte maturation inhibiting factor)

• These hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg

progesterone and estrogen

puberty

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Oogenesis / Ovulation / Ovarian cycle

Follicular phase
Ovulation phase
Luteal Phase

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Monthly Ovarian Cycle

W/ corresponding days

• FOLLICULAR PHASE (Day 1-14)
• Ovulation (Day 14-15)
• Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

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Monthly Ovarian Cycle

• FOLLICULAR PHASE (Day 1-14)

• Birth of female child:______ (ovum + granulosa cells)

•_______ provide nourishment for ovum and secrete oocyte maturation inhibiting factor

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

Granulosa cells

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•______: increased FSH and LH (follicular development and release of estrogen)

• Moderate enlargement of ovum + additional layer of granulosa cells
(_______)

• Growth of_______ primary follicles each month

Puberty

PRIMARY FOLLICLE

6-12

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What phase???

• Puberty: increased FSH and LH (follicular development and release of estrogen)

• Moderate enlargement of ovum + additional layer of granulosa cells
(PRIMARY FOLLICLE)

• Growth of 6-12 primary follicles each month

Follicular

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What phase???

• SECONDARY FOLLICLE

• Mass of______ and formation of______

• Production of follicular fluid packets from granulosa cells

Follicular phase

granulosa cells; theca cells

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• Mass of granulosa cells and formation of theca cells

• Production of follicular fluid packets from granulosa cells

SECONDARY FOLLICLE

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What phase???

• TERTIARY OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

• Follicular fluid packets coalesce to form______, a fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

• Formation of______(granulosa cells directly wrapping the oocyte)

antrum

corona radiata

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• Follicular fluid packets coalesce to form antrum, a fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

• Formation of corona radiata (granulosa cells directly wrapping the oocyte)

TERTIARY OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

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• Note: Only 1 follicle will undergo ovulation, the rest will undergo_____.

atresia

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Ovulation (Day 14-15)

• NOTE: WITHOUT_____ SURGE, OVULATION WILL NOT TAKE PLACE

• From the positive feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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• NOTE: WITHOUT LH SURGE, OVULATION WILL NOT TAKE PLACE

• From the positive feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Ovulation (Day 14-15)

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• Plasma transudation into the follicle leading to swelling and follicle rupture and release of ovum

• Swelling of the outer wall of the follicle, rupture, and the viscous fluid carries the ovum surrounded by corona radiata

Ovulation

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Luteal Phase (Day 15-28)

• The remaining cells enlarge and filled with lipid inclusions (luteinization) and become the_______ that produces (2)

• If fertilization occurs, the developing embryo will secrete_____ and the CL will continue to produce______

• If no fertilization occurs, the CL will degenerate into_______ and won’t continue producing______

CORPUS LUTEUM; progesterone and estrogen

HCG; progesterone

CORPUS ALBICANS; progesterone

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Uterine Wall
• Composed of three layers

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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•
• outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum
•
• middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle
•
• mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

Perimetrium

Myometrium

Endometrium

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Two zones of endometrium

• Functional zone

• Basal zone

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layer closest to the cavity
thicker portion
undergoes changes with monthly cycle
contains spiral arteries

Endometrium
Functional zone

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layer adjacent to myometrium
attaches functional layer to myometrium
remains constant

Endometrium

• Basal zone

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Days 1-5

Menses/Menstruation Phase

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• Initiated by a lack of signal from a fertilized egg
• Vasospasm of the spiral blood vessels in SF (dependent on progesterone)
• Weakening and rupture of the blood vessels leading to ischemia and necrosis
• Decreased nutrients to endometrium
• Loss of hormonal stimulation
• Necrosis and desquamation of endometrial layers

Menses/Menstruation Phase

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Day 6-14

Study These Flashcards

• Proliferative phase (stimulated by estrogen)

• Proliferative phase (stimulated by_____)

estrogen

• ***Regeneration*** of stratum functionalis and the blood vessels • ***Re-epithelialization within 4-7 days after menses*** • ***Thickening of endometrium*** and increased blood supply • ***Endometrial glands secrete mucus*** that align along the cervical canal to guide sperm cells

Proliferative phase (stimulated by estrogen)

Day 15-28

Secretory phase (estrogen and progesterone)

Secretory phase (hormones???)

estrogen and progesterone

• Increased secretory substances • Increased lipid and glycogen deposits • Increased blood supply • Goal: presence of large amounts of stored nutrients in case of implantation of fertilized ovum

Day 15-28 • Secretory phase (estrogen and progesterone)

Fertilization • If the egg is fertilized, the embryo produces_______ • HCG signals the_____ to continue supplying_____ to maintain the uterine lining • The cervical mucus thickens to protect the developing embryo • Continuous levels of progesterone prevent the release of____ and ovulation ceases

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) corpus luteum; progesterone FSH

• Carbon-18 compounds

Estrogen

• Principal estrogen - • Primary metabolites _________ (___; menopause) and _________(____; pregnancy)

ESTRADIOL (E2) Estrone; E1 estriol E3

Promote breast, uterine and vaginal development • Change vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified for more resistance to trauma and infection

Estrogen

• Affects vascular smooth muscle - VASODILATION • Estriol during pregnancy - uteroplacental blood flow

Estrogen

• Inhibits osteoclastic activity

Estrogen

• ***Surge in estrogen level*** induces the release of______, which then triggers______ by releasing the egg from the Graafian follicle in the ovary

luteinizing hormone ovulation

• Cardioprotective Properties • Increase HDL level • Decrease LDL • Decreased platelet adhesion

Estrogen

• Fluid balance • Salt (sodium) and water retention

Estrogen

• Carbon 21 compound

Progesterone

• Produced by the corpus luteum • Secretory phase

Prgesterone

• Reduction of uterine contractions • Increased cervical mucus (allows sperm to survive) • Reconstruction and maintenance of endometrium

Progesterone

• Thermogenic effects

Progesterone

Pregnancy • characterized by steadily increasing levels of (2), which ***maintain the endometrium for the fetus, suppress ovarian follicular function, and stimulate development of the breasts***

estrogen and progesterone

Fertilization • If fertilization occurs, the_____ is rescued from regression by______, which is produced by the_____.

corpus luteum human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) placenta

• ***First trimester*** • The corpus luteum (stimulated by HCG) is responsible for the production of (2). Peak levels of HCG occur at gestational week__ and then decline.

estradiol and progesterone 9

Pregnancy • ***Second and third trimesters*** • Progesterone is produced by the_____. • Estrogens are produced by the interplay of the fetal adrenal gland and the placenta. The _______synthesizes dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), which is then hydroxylated in the fetal liver. These intermediates are transterred to the placenta, where enzymes remove sulfate and aromatize to estrogens. The major placental estrogen is_____.

placenta fetal adrenal gland estriol

Menstruation •_______ - absence of menses in a woman of reproductive age •_______ - infrequent or irregular menstrual bleeding with cycle lengths in excess of 35-40 days •_______ - uterine bleeding in excess of 80 ml per period

Amenorrhea Oligomenorrhea Menorrhagia

Hypothalamic or pituitary disorder • Low FSH/LH, low estrogen/progesterone • Hypopituitarism, prolactinoma, anorexia, strenuous exercise Ovarian disorder • Decreased estrogen/progesterone, high FSH/LH • Surgical removal of ovaries End-organ defect • Normal FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone • Prevents the normal egress of blood in menses

Amenorrhea

• Permanent cessation of menses for 12 months without pathologic cause • Average age: 51 years old (earlier in smokers and nulliparous women)

Menopause

• Lab findings • Increased serum FSH: best marker • Increased serum LH, low estrogen and progesterone

Menopause

• Painful menses with crampy, midline pain (lower abdomen) • Occurs in approximately 50% of women (10% of women are incapacitated for 1 to 3 days) • Caused by increased prostaglandin F 2a (PGF 2a)

Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea Caused by increased______ • causes uterine contractions leading to increased uterine pressure which develops into uterine ischemia: the net effect is pain caused by the accumulation of anaerobic metabolites

prostaglandin F 2a (PGF 2a)

• Presence of ***incompletely developed ovarian follicles*** in ovaries caused by anovulation and increased androgens • Increased secretion of LH (LH:FSH ratio is > 3) • Hyperplasia of theca cells • Increased production of testosterone and androstenedione • Pituitary secretion of FSH is decreased • Low granulosa cell aromatization of androgens to estrogens • Follicular arrest

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

• weight loss: ANOREXIA NERVOSA • disruption of normal GnRH secretion • intense physical exercise: RUNNER'S AMENORRHEA • low energy availability • pituitary tumor • prolactinoma

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

• weight loss: ANOREXIA NERVOSA • disruption of normal GnRH secretion • intense physical exercise: RUNNER'S AMENORRHEA • low energy availability • pituitary tumor • prolactinoma

• Menopause: 45-55 years old • Premature ovarian failure/Turner syndrome • normal ovarian development • egg cells die prematurely • occurs when your ovaries which store and release eggs stop working before age 40

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

• normal ovarian development • egg cells die prematurely • occurs when your ovaries which store and release eggs stop working before age 40

Premature ovarian failure/Turner syndrome Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

• Menopause: 45-55 years old

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

• irregular periods, increased androgen, polycystic ovaries (underdeveloped follicles, unable to release egg)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

(59 cards)