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CC 2 LEC > Miscallaneous Enzymes > Flashcards

Miscallaneous Enzymes Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

GAMMA-GLUTAMYL
TRANSFERASE (GGT)

EC

A

E.C. 2.3.2.2

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2
Q

GGT other name

A

(5-Glutamyl) Peptide: Amino Acid-5-Glutamyl-Transferase

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3
Q

Involved in the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl residue from gamma-glutamyl peptides to amino acids, H20, and other small peptides

A

GAMMA-GLUTAMYL
TRANSFERASE (GGT)

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4
Q

PHYSIOLOGY
Has not been clearly established
Involved in peptide and protein synthesis
Regulation of tissue glutathione levels
Transport of amino acids across cell membranes

A

GAMMA-GLUTAMYL
TRANSFERASE (GGT)

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5
Q

TRANSFERASE (GGT)
TISSUE SOURCES

A
  • Kidney
  • Brain
  • Prostate
  • Pancreas
  • Liver (canaliculi of the hepatic cells)
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6
Q

GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT)
DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE
• Elevated in all_______ disorders
- Biliary tract obstruction
• Increased in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs
-(3)

A

hepatobiliary

warfarin, phenobarbital, phenytoin

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7
Q

GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT)

• Increased in chronic….
• Useful in monitoring abstention from alcohol
• Normalizes_____ weeks after cessation of drinking

A

alcoholism/excessive alcohol consumption

2-3

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8
Q

GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT)

ASSAY

TEST PRINCIPLE
GGT catalyzes the transfer of a Gamma-Glutamyl group from Gamma-Glutamyl-p-Nitroanilide (GPNA) to Glycylglycine to form Gamma-Glutamyl-Glycylglycine and p-Nitroaniline.

A

SZASZ ASSAY

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9
Q

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD\tin

EC

A

• E.C. 1.1.1.49

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10
Q

• D-Glucose-6-Phosphate: NADP+ 1-
Oxidoreductase

A

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD)

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11
Q

Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate or 6-phosphogluconolactone

A

G6PD

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12
Q

Reaction is important in the pentose-phosphate shunt of glucose metabolism with the ultimate production of NADPH

A

G6PD

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13
Q

DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE
• RBC

  • Maintain NADPH in reduced form
  • Required to regenerate glutathione from the oxidized to the reduced state
    • Reduced glutathione protects Hgb from oxidation
A

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE
DEHYDROGENASE (G6PD)

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14
Q

•Low_____ = low NADPH = low reduced glutathione= hemolysis

A

G6PD

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15
Q

A red cell hemolysate is used to assay for deficiency of the enzyme;

serum is used for evaluation of enzyme elevations

A

G6PD

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16
Q

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)

EC

A

• E.C. 3.4.15.1

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17
Q

• Other names: Kininase Il and Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

A

ACE

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18
Q

• Hydrolysis of peptide bonds at a free C-terminus releasing a dipeptide in the reaction

A

ACE

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19
Q

• Cleaves His-Leu sequence in Angiotensin 1 to form Angiotensin 2
• Contains Zinc in its active site

20
Q

• Tissue-bound, with much lower levels circulating in plasma
• Predominantly found in endothelial cell membranes throughout the body

Study These Flashcards
A

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)

21
Q
  • rich in ACE
Study These Flashcards
A

• Lungs and Testes

22
Q

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)
Measurement
• Measured by its ability to cleave synthetic peptides, releasing…

Study These Flashcards
A

hippuric acid

23
Q

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE)
Causes of Abnormal Results

  • Abnormal collection of inflammatory cells called granulomas may appear on the body (overreaction of the immune system
  • Any part of the body can be affected but the most commonly affected areas are the lungs, skin, eyes and lymph nodes
24
Q

5’-nucleotidase (5’n)
EC

Study These Flashcards
A

• E.C. 3.1.3.5

25
• 5'-Ribonucleotide Phosphohydrolase
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
26
• Is a cytoplasmic membrane-bound phosphatase • Acts only on nucleotides
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
27
• Functions in extracellular adenosine production, nutrient absorption, and cell proliferation 5'-Ribonucleotide + HO -> Ribonucleoside + Phosphate
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
28
• A metalloenzyme (zinc) • Widely distributed in the body, predominantly attached to cell membranes (like ALP and GGT)
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
29
• Plasma levels are predominantly derived from the liver • Commonly used to determine if the source of an elevated ALP is from liver or bone
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
30
Measurement • Difficult because other phosphatases like ALP can cleave the substrate - Remedy: to use ALP inhibitors like theophylline and levamisole
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
31
• Chelating agents inhibit activity (EDTA inhibits enzyme activity)
5'-nucleotidase (5'n)
32
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE) • Acetylcholinesterase or 'true' cholinesterase (choline esterase 1) or RBC cholinesterase
• E.C. 3.1.1.7
33
• Pseudocholinesterase (choline esterase 2) or plasma cholinesterase
• E.C. 3.1.1.8
34
: found in the nervous system, neuromuscular junctions, and RBCs
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE) "True" AChE
35
is made from choline and acetyl CoA.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
36
In the synaptic cleft ACh is rapidly broken down by the enzyme______.
acetylcholinesterase
37
is produced by the liver and hydrolyzes choline esters
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE) • E.C. 3.1.1.8 • Pseudocholinesterase
38
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE) Measurement
• Ellman's Method
39
Che - Substrate: - Released thiocholine react with… - Product:
acylthiocholine ester Ellman's reageant 5-mercapto-2-nitro benzoic acid
40
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE) Measurement -: Serum : Hemolysate of washed RBC
PseudoChE True ChE
41
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE) Why measure? E-C. 3.1.1.8. • PseudoChE -_________ ( a Irreversible inhibitors of both AchE and PChE PChE activity falls before AChE activity - PChE reflects acute toxicity; AChE reflects chronic exposure
Organophosphate Insecticides
42
- May be inherited or acquired - May lead to an increased sensitivity to the muscle relaxants succinylcholine and mivacurium - Amplified duration of apnea and paralysis (from 4-6 minutes normally to 8 hours)
PseudoChE deficiency
43
Neural tube defects Spina Bifida Anencephaly Encephalocele
CHOLINESTERASE (ChE)
44
Aldolase (ald) EC
EC41.2.13
45
D-fructose-1,6-bisdiphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase
Aldolase
46
Aldolase (ald) Isoenzymes: - Aldolase A - Aldolase B - Aldolase C
• Skeletal muscles • WBC, liver, kidneys • Brain tissue

CC 2 LEC (13 decks)

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