Female Reproductive System Flashcards
learn the female reproductive system (62 cards)
1
Q
What do the ovaries produce? What do they secrete?
A
- female gonads
- produce ova
- secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
2
Q
Internal genitalia
A
located in pelvic cavity; include ovaries and duct system
3
Q
External genitalia
A
- external sex organs
- vulva (labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening)
4
Q
Oogenesis
A
- production of female gametes takes years to complete
5
Q
When does Oogenesis begin?
A
in fetal period
- oogonia multiply by mitosis and store nutrients
6
Q
oogonia
A
2n ovarian stem cells
7
Q
_______ _______ develop in ________ _____- surrounded by follicle cells
A
primary oocytes, primordial follicles
8
Q
Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in _____ ___
A
prophase 1
9
Q
Females are born with ____ _____
A
primary oocytes
10
Q
Oogenesis after puberty
A
- each month a few primary oocytes are activated
- one from this group is “selected” each month to become the dominant follicle that resumes meiosis
11
Q
After division in meiosis 1 is completed, two haploid cells of different sizes are produced:
A
- secondary oocyte and first polar body
12
Q
Secondary oocytes
A
large cell with almost all of mother cell cytoplasm and organelles
13
Q
First polar body
A
small cell almost devoid of cytoplasm
14
Q
What are the last steps to oogenesis?
A
- secondary oocyte arrests in meiosis 2 and is ovulated
- if not fertilized- deteriorates
- if penetrated by sperm yields ovum and second polar body degenerates
15
Q
Study the phases of oogenesis
A
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16
Q
Theca cells
A
steroidogenic cells that secrete androgens
17
Q
Granulosa Cells
A
responsible for maintenance and maturation of oocytes; convert androgens into estrogen
18
Q
Study the folliculogenesis
A
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19
Q
Comparison of oogenesis and spermatogenesis
A
- gametes produced differ
20
Q
Ovaries
A
- outer cortex of ovary: dense CT interspaced with thousands of ovarian follicles containing developing germ cels
- inner medulla: areolar CT with arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatic vessels
21
Q
Ovulation
A
- ejection of oocyte from mature follicle
- corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation
22
Q
Corpus luteum
A
- transient endocrine organ formed from granulosa and thecal cells
- persists and secretes hormones if pregnancy occurs
- pregnancy occurs= luteal cells degenerate and are replaced by the corpus albicans
- corpus albicans are reabsorbed after few months
23
Q
Female duct system
A
- uterine tube system does not have direct contact with ovaries
- includes uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
24
Q
What recieves the ovulated oocyte? How is the egg carried to the uterus?
A
-fallopian tubes receive ovulated oocyte and are the usual site of fertilization
- egg is carried along uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis
25
The uterus
- hollow, tick-walled, muscular organ
- function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum (zygote), gestation
26
4 regions of the uterus
1. Fundus (base of inverted pear shape)
2. body (broad region)
3. isthmus (narrow region)
4. cervix (projects into vagina)
27
What are the parts of the Uterine wall?
- perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
28
Perimetrium
outermost serous layer
29
Myometrium
bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle and contracts during childbirth
30
Endometrium
- mucosal lining
- fertilized egg burrows and resides there during development
- changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
- functional layer shed during menstruation
31
Basal Layer of the uterus
- permanent structure; contains arteries and acini from uterine glands
32
functional layer of the uterus
- hormone-responsive layer; grows in presence of hormones and degenerates/sheds during meses
33
Ectopic pregnancies
fertilized oocyte starts to develop in someplace other than the uterus
34
The Vagina
- thin-walled muscular tube
- functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow
- extend between bladder and rectum from cervix to exterior
35
cervix
- dome-like structure of uterus that projects into vagina
- canal joins uterus to vagina
- mucosa produce mucous plug, slowing sperm and microorganisms
- cervical diaphragm attempts to block sperm entry through the cervix
36
Cervical cancer
- common between ages 30 and 50
- risks: frequent cervical inflammaiton; STI's: multiple pregnancies
- Pap smears detect
- gardasil: three-dose vaccine that protects against HPV
37
The vulva
- Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora
38
Mons pubis
rounded cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair
39
What are the major components of the Labia majora?
CT, adipiose, and thickened skin
40
What is the Labia minora?
side of vaginal orifice
41
The vestibule
lies between and is hidden by the labia minora
- largely occupied by the vaginal orifice
- hymen covers vaginal orifice in pre-coital females
42
Ducts of ________ and _______ ______ ______ are also found in vestibule
paraurethral, greater vestibular glands
43
Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate>>>>
the vagina, homologous to bulbourethral glands in males
44
the ovarian cycle
monthly (28 days) of events associtated with maturation of egg
45
follicular phase
period of follicle growth (1-14)
46
luteal phase
period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
47
During the follicular phase, primary follicles are stimulated to grow by>>>
the rising levels of FSH
48
When does FSH tend to drop during the follicular phase?
the middle of the phase
- causes one vesicular follicle to become dominant
49
During the follicular phase, the primary oocyte of the dominant follicle
completes meiosis 1 to form 2 degree oocyte and polar body
50
Give a breakdown of the hormones during the early follicular phase
estrogen at its lowest
FSH levels rise at first, stimulating follicle growth
estrogen begins to rise
FSH then downregulated by neg. feedback by inhibin and estrogen
51
Hormones during the mid-follicular phase
- one follicle remains due to low FSH
- estrogen levels rapidly rise
- small surge in LH promotes even more estrogen
52
Hormones during the late follicular phase and LH surge
- estrogen levels reach their peak
- switches from negative to positive feedback
- ovulation
- rapid loss of estrogen
- corpus luteum formation
53
What happens to hormone levels during ovulation?
- rising LH surge cause ovary wall to rupture, expelling secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity
- 1-2% of ovulations release more than one egg- results in fraternal twins
- identical twins result from fertilization of one oocyte then separation of daughter cells
54
Progesterone and the corpus luteum
- progesterone prepares uterine endometrium for pregnancy
- LH and FSH level decline and progesterone and estrogen increase
- in absence of pregnancy, corpus luteum undergoes regression
55
Describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cyce
- after ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses and remaining cells enlarge to form corpus luteum
- secretes progesterone and some estrogen that sustains pregnancy
- if no corpus luteum degenerates
- emnryo produces human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) "rescues" the corpus luteum which continues secretion of progesterone and estrogen for preparation of uterus
56
Uterine Cycle
cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
57
What are the three phases of the uterine cycle
menstrual (1-5), proliferative phase (6-14), secretory phase (15-28)
58
Menstrual Phase
- no pregnancy so ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
- functional endometrium lining of uterus is shed
- gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
59
Proliferative (preovulatory) phase
- rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new endometrium lining
- ovulation occurs at the end of proliferative phase on day 14
60
Secretory (postovulatory) phase
- most consistent in duration
- rising progesterone levels from corpus luteum maintains uterine lining
- endometrium prepares for embryo to implant (glands enlarge, secrete nutrients into uterus)
- if fertilization does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall and endometrial layer sloughs off
- uterine cycle starts all over again on first day of maturation
61
Estrogens
- promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
- exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
- support growth spurts at puberty
- induce secondary sex characteristics
62
progesterone
works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
