Male reproductive system

Question 1

Gametogenesis

Answer 1

production of gametes

Question 2

When females go through gametogenesis, what is it called, what is the product, and how long does it take to complete?

Answer 2

• oogenesis
• produces ovum
• takes 300 days to complete

Question 3

When males go through gametogenesis, what is it called, what is the product, and how long does it take to complete?

Answer 3

• spermatogenesis
• produces a spermatozoon
• takes 74 days to complete

Question 4

what are the primary sex organs?

Answer 4

testes and ovaries

Question 5

What do the primary sex organs function in?

Answer 5

1. Produce gametes: spermatozoa and ova
2. Secrete steroid sex hormones (androgens in males, estrogens and progesterone in females)

Question 6

What are the accessory reproductive organs?

Answer 6

ducts, glands, and external genitalia

Question 7

How many chromosomes are in cells?

Answer 7

46- one maternal and one paternal that are homologous chromosomes

Question 8

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

Answer 8

23 (haploid chromosomal number, n)

Question 9

Gametes are produced through

Answer 9

meiosis

Question 10

What happens in meiosis?

Answer 10

two cell divisions
only 1 DNA replication
produces four daughter cells

Question 11

functions of meiosis

Answer 11

number of chromosomes are cut in half
genetic diversity- daughter cells are genetically different from original cell

Question 12

Where does Spermatogenesis occur? Describe the tubules.

Answer 12

• occurs in seminiferous tubules of testis
• tubules have thick, stratified epithelium surrounding central fluid containing lumen
• epithelium contains spermatogonia

Question 13

Spermatozoon

Answer 13

the only self-propelled, swimming cells of the human body

Question 14

Head of sperm

Answer 14

genetic region that includes nucleus and helmet-like acrosome
- acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that enable sperm to penetrate egg

Question 15

midpeice of sperm

Answer 15

metabolic region containing mitochondria that produce ATP to move tail

Question 16

tail of sperm

Answer 16

locomotor region that includes flagellum

Question 17

Sperm are conveyed from seminiferous tubules to

Answer 17

epididymis

Question 18

Interstitial endocrine cells (leydig cells)

Answer 18

located in soft tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules
- produces androgens and secrete it into interstitial fluid

Question 19

What are sertoli cells?

Answer 19

the support cells of spermatogenesis
- surround developing spermatozoa
- provide nutrients to dividing cells
- produce chemical mediators to regulate spermatogenesis

Question 20

What hormone is targeted by sertoli cells?

Answer 20

follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 21

Sertoli cells phagocytize……

Answer 21

faulty germ cells and excess cytoplasm

Question 22

study the journey of developing germ cells through the seminiferous tubules

Question 23

The epididymis

Answer 23

long, thin, convoluted single duct

Question 24

Functions of the epididymis

Answer 24

• fluid and sperm cells travel through series of tubules until reaching the epididymis
• promotes sperm fertilizing capacity (sperm mature here)
• make sperm motile

Question 25

What happens during ejaculation to the epididymis?

Answer 25

- contracts expelling sperm into ductus (Vas) deferens

Question 26

The ductus deferens

Answer 26

- 45 cm long structural continuation of the epididymis - travels within the spermatic cord until the pelvic cavity - joins duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

Question 27

What kind of muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens propel the sperm from the epididymis to urethra?

Answer 27

smooth muscle

Question 28

Seminal vesicles

Answer 28

- on posterior bladder surface - excretory duct on each gland joins with ampulla of ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct - produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid

Question 29

Alkaline seminal fluid

Answer 29

- comprises 70% volume of semen - fructose (energy) - coagulating enzyme

Question 30

The prostate gland

Answer 30

- largest human accessory sex gland - consist of many lobules that all open into the prostatic urethra - produces 30% of seminal fluid (secretes factors that promote sperm survival, activation, and fertilization) - consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

Question 31

Prostate Cancer

Answer 31

2nd leading cause of cancer death for men (1 in 41) - 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer

Question 32

Signs of prostate cancer

Answer 32

- pain with urination or ejaculation - frequent urination - trouble starting or stopping urination - sudden erectile dysfunction - blood in urine or seme

Question 33

treatment for prostate cancer

Answer 33

- surgery, cryotherapy, radiation, chemotherapy

Question 34

The bulbourethral gland

Answer 34

- pea sized glands inferior to the prostate, duct joins with urethra - produce thick, clear mucus with arousal (does not mix with sperm cells, pre-ejaculate) - clear alkaline fluid consists of lubricating proteins and alkaline mucins that neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra

Question 35

three parts of the penis

Answer 35

1. Roots (attach penis to pelvic girdle) 2. Body(contains penile urethra and corpora cavernosa) 3. Glans (highly-sensitive bulbous structure at end of penis)

Question 36

the scrotum

Answer 36

- suspended at the base of pelvis; houses testes, epididymis, and proximal portion of ductus deferens - bisected at the midline to create 2 compartments

Question 37

Function of the scrotum

Answer 37

- maintain temperature of testes at 34 degrees C to promote spermatogenesis - temperature monitored with thermoreceptors

Question 38

the ________ ______ can draw testes inward for temperature regulation

Answer 38

cremaster muscle

Question 39

Gameto genesis is regulated in both sexes by>>>>

Answer 39

hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis

Question 40

Explain the hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis

Answer 40

1. GnRH synthesized by hypothalamic neurons 2. released through hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system 3. stimulates release of gonadotropins LH and FSH from anterior pituitary 4. Gonadotropins enter general circulation 5. Stimulate gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in the gonads

Question 41

Study the sequence slides

Question 42

Testosterone is a steriod hormone synthesized from _______

Answer 42

cholesterol

Question 43

Testosterone prompts....

Answer 43

spermatogenesis and targets all male accessory organs

Question 44

What happens with a testosterone deficiency?

Answer 44

atrophy of accessory organs, semen volume declines, impaired erection

Question 45

what are the effects of testosterone?

Answer 45

- appearance of pubic/ facial hair - deeper voice - bones crow, increase density - skeletal muscle increase in size and mass - boost basal metabolic rate - basis of libido