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Anatomy and Physiology B > Urinary System Part 3 > Flashcards

Urinary System Part 3 Flashcards

Lecture 11 Urinary system

1
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

reclaims most of tubular contents and returns them to peritubular capillaries

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2
Q

What kind of process is tubular reabsorption?

A

selective trans-epithelial process
- almost all organic nutrients reabsorbed
- water and ion reabsorption is hormonally regulated and adjusted

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3
Q

What two transport processes does tubular reabsorption follow?

A

active and passive transport

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4
Q

In tubular reabsorption, substances can follow two routes. What are they?

A

transcellular and paracellular

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5
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

the site of most reabsorption
- all nutrients like glucose are reabsorbed
- 65% of Na+ and water reabsorbed
- many ions

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6
Q

Study the reabsorption by PCT cells slide

A

girl i said study it don’t just skip this flashcard da fuq

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7
Q

Passive Tubular reabsorption of water

A
  • movement of Na+ and other solutes creates osmotic gradient for water
  • water is reabsorbed by osmosis and aided by aquaporins
  • obligatory water reabsorption in PCT
  • Variable water reabsorption in DCT and Collecting Duct
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8
Q

Aquaporins are always present in _______

A

PCT

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9
Q

Aquaporins are inserted in _________ and collecting ducts if ________ is present

A

DCT and collecting ducts if ADH is present

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10
Q

Transport Maximum

A
  • exists for almost every reabsorbed substance
  • reflects number of carriers in renal tubules that are available
  • when carriers for solute are saturated, excess solute is excreted in urine
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11
Q

Reabsorptive Capabilities of Loop of Henle

A
  • descending limb: H2O can leave, solutes cannot
  • Ascending limb: H2O cannot leave, solutes can
  • creates an osmolarity gradient from cortex to medulla that is important in our ability to produce and excrete a concentrated urine
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12
Q

Reabsorption Capabilities of DCT and Collecting Duct (ADH)

A
  • hormonally regulated
  • ADH is released by posterior pituitary
  • causes cells to insert Aquaporins in membranes increasing water reabsorption
  • Increased ADH levels increases water reabsorption
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13
Q

Reabsorptive Capabilities of DCT and Collecting Duct (Aldosterone)

A
  • Aldosterone targets DCT and collecting duct
  • Promotes synthesis of NaK pumps for Na reabsorption
  • as a result Na leaves the body
  • Functions: increase blood pressure and decrease K plasma levels
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14
Q

Without Aldosterone daily loss of filtered Na+ would be 2%, which is…..

A

incompatible with life

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15
Q

Reabsorptive Capabilities of DCT and Collecting Duct (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

A
  • relased by cardiac and atrial cells when pressure is elevated
  • reduces Na+ reabsorption (and water) resulting in increased urine production and decreased blood volume and decrease blood pressure
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16
Q

Reabsorptive Capabilities of DCT and Collecting Duct (parathyroid hormone)

A

acts on DCT to increase Calcium reabsorption

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17
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

reabsorption in reverse

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18
Q

What is the direction of tubular secretion?

A

selected substances are moved from peritubular capillaries through tubule cells out into filtrate
- K+, H+, NH4+, creatinine, organic acids and bases

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19
Q

What is tubular secretion important for?

A
  • disposing of substances such as drugs or metabolites
  • eliminating undesirable substances that were passively reabsorbed
  • ridding body of excess K+ (aldosterone effect)
  • controlling blood pH by altering amounts of H+ in urine
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20
Q

Slide 17 needs to be studied

A

alalalalalal oolala ba ba

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21
Q

Renal Clearance

A

volume of plasma kidneys can clear a particular substance in a given time

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22
Q

What are renal clearance test used for?

A

to determine GFR
- to help detect glomerular damage
- to follow progress of kidney function in renal disease

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23
Q

Study approximation GFR using renal clearance

A
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24
Q

What are the assumptions for substance to approximate GFR:

A
  • must freely pass through the filtration membrane
  • must neither be reabsorbed from nor secreted into the filtrate by the renal tubules
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25
If C < 125 ml/min
substance reabsorbed
26
if C=0
substance was completely reabsorbed (not filtered)
27
C= 125 ml/min
no net reabsorption or secretion (inulin)
28
C> 125 ml/min
substance was secreted (most drug metabolites)
29
Iuline
a plant polysaccharide is standard used - freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by kidneys - renal clearance= GFR
30
Chronic Renal Disease
- defined as a GFR< 60 ml/min for 3 months - filtrate formation decreases, nitrogenous wastes accumulate in blood, blood pH becomes acidic - seen in diabetes mellitus and hypertension
31
Renal Failure
- defined as GFR< 15 ml/min - causes ionic and hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, toxic molecule accumulation
32
What are the symptoms of renal failure? What is the treatment for it?
- fatigue, anorexia, nausea, mental changes - treatment: hemodialysis or transplant
33
Give an overview of what happens to a patient undergoing kidney failure and what happens during dialysis.
The blood is removed and circulated through a dialyzer. The dialysis fluid and blood move in counter current directions to remove nitrogenous and other wastes and adjust osmolarity and the blood is then returned to the body.
34
One main function of the kidneys is to make any adjustment needed to maintain body fluid osmotic concentration around....
300 mOsm
35
how much uirne do the kidneys produce when the body is dehydrated?
- small amounts of urine
36
How much urine do the kidneys produce if the body is overhydrated?
large amounts of dilute urine
37
What does the countercurrent multiplier do?
establishes a medullary osmotic gradient
38
countercurrent
filtrate is moving in opposite directions in each loop
39
Multiplier
gradient between filtrate and peritubular fluid concentrations increases throughout system
40
Juxtamedullary nephrons create an osmotic gradient with the renal medulla that allows the kidney to produce.....
urine of varying concentration
41
The long nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons act as _________ __________
countercurrent multipliers
42
The vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons preserves the gradient. They act as>>>
countercurrent exchangers
43
The collecting ducts of all nephrons use the gradient to>>>
adjust urine osmolarity
44
the descending limb is permeable to _________ but not salt
water
45
The ascending limb is impermeable to __________ and pumps out salt.
water
46
what happens to ADH production when overhydration occurs?
ADH production decreases
47
What happens to ADH production when dehydration occurs?
maximal ADH is released
48
What are diuretics?
chemicals that enhance urinary output
49
Give some examples of Diuretics?
- ADH inhibitors (alcohol) - Na+ reabsorption inhibitors such as caffeine or dugs for hypertension or edema - loop diuretics inhibit medullary gradient formation
50
Osmotic Diuretics
substance not reabsorbed so water remains in urine - diabetic patients- high glucose concentration pulls water from body
51
Nitrogenous Wastes found in Urine
- urea (from amino acid breakdown): larges solute component - Uric acid (nucleic acid metabolism) - creatinine (metabolite of creatine phosphate)
52
What are other normal solutes found in urine?
Na, K, PO4 3-. SO4 2-, Ca, Mg 2+, and HCO3 -
53
Urine is slightly _____
acidic
54
What is an indication of a urinary tract infection?
cloudy urine
55
What three events must occur in order for microurition to occur?
1. contraction of detrusor by ANS 2. Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS 3. Opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic nervous system
56
Give the steps in Urination:
1. Distension of bladder activates stretch receptors 2. Causes excitation of parasympathetic neurons in reflex center in sacral region of spinal cord 3. Leads to contraction of detrusor and contraction of internal sphincter 4. Inhibition of somatic pathways to external sphincter allow its relaxation and opening
57
Urinary Incontinence
leaky bladder in adults, usually caused by weakened pelvic muscles
58
What is stress incontinence?
increased intra abdomincal pressure forces urine through sphincters (laughing, coughing, sneezing)
59
Overflow incontinence
urine dribbles when bladder overfills
60
Urinary Retention
bladder is unable to expel urine - caused after anesthesia or hypertrophy of the prostate treatment: catheterization
61
Alkalosis or alkalemia:
arterial pH> 7,45
62
Acidosis or acidemia:
arterial pH< 7.35
63
Study the acid-base balance slide
64
What are abnormalities of acid-bas balance classed as?
respiratory or metabolic
65
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
- caused by failure of respiratory system to perform pH-balancing role - incdicator is blood PCO2
66
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
all abnormalities other than those caused by PCO2 levels in blood
67
Study the chart of Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis
68
Metabolic acidosis
- low blood pH - overproduction of organic acids - ingetion of too much alcohol - excessive loss of HCO# - - kidney failure
69
Metabolic alkalosis
- indicated by rising blood pH - less common than metabolic acidosis - causes include vomiting of acid contents of stomach or intake of excess base
70
if the acid-base imbalance is caused by a malfunction of one physiological system, the other system...
tries to compensate _respiratory systema attempts to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances - kidneys attempt to correct respiratory acid-base imbalances
71
Respiratory Compensation
- lungs try to change rate and depth for metabolic pH problems
72
Renal Compensation
- kidneys try to compensate for pH problems caused by lungs by adjusting pH of urine

Anatomy and Physiology B (7 decks)

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