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MSK I > Fertilization and Gastrulation > Flashcards

Fertilization and Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

Obstetrical calendar (gestational calendar)

A

start date is based on when the LNMP was

- includes weeks -2, -1

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2
Q

Ovulatory calendar

A

start date based on when fertilization occurred

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3
Q

corona radiata

A

outermost layer of cells from the ovum; made of follicular cells that radiate out

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4
Q

zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein mesh work outside the ovum; important in process of fertilization

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5
Q

perivitelline space

A

the space between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of an oocyte or fertilized ovum

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6
Q

acrosome

A

part of sperm in the head; contains enzymes that are needed to get through the different layers outside the ovum

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7
Q

why does the sperm have mitochondria in the tail

A

to produce ATP in order to propel the flagella of the sperm

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8
Q

5 important events in week 1 of fertilization

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. formation of blastocyst
  4. formation of inner cell mass (embryoblast)
  5. implantation
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9
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the ampulla of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)

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10
Q

capacitation

A

the glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins are removed from the plasma membrane of the sperm to allow the acrosome reaction; occurs int he uterus and uterine tubes; takes about 7 hours

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11
Q

what enzyme is released by the sperm to get through the corona radiata

A

hyaluronidase

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12
Q

what three enzymes does the sperm release to get through the zona pellucida

A

esterases, acrosin, neuraminidase

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13
Q

what is the significance of the zona reaction

A

blocks polyspermy

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14
Q

features of the zona reaction

A
  • conformation change in the zona pellucinda
  • mesh work becomes rigid
  • blocks any more sperm to enter
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15
Q

True or False: the sperm mitochondria enter the oocyte

A

false

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16
Q

5 key results from fertilization

A
  1. completion of second meiotic division
  2. restoration of diploid # chromosomes
  3. determination of chromosomal sex of embryo
  4. metabolic activation of oocyte
  5. initiation of cleavage
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17
Q

Morula

A

develops at around day 3; consists of 12-32 cells; when it enters the body of the uterus fluid begins to diffuse in which forms the blastocyst cavity forming the blastocyst (at around day 5)

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18
Q

what day does the blastocyst develop

A

day 5

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19
Q

when does cleavage start

A

30 hours after fertilization

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20
Q

when does the morula enter the uterus

A

day 3 or 4

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21
Q

what does the inner cell mass give rise to

A

the epiblast

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22
Q

when does the zona pellucida start to degenerate

A

day 5 (is gone by day 7)

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23
Q

what does the trophoblast give rise to

A

the placenta

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24
Q

what form is the embryo in at one week

A

one cell layer

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25
Q

3 types of assisted reproductive strategies

A
  1. in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
  2. cryopreservation of embryos
  3. intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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26
Q

in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

A
  • stimulate mother’s ovaries and collect eggs
  • collect sperm from dad
  • capacitate the sperm
  • implant 1-3 embryos
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27
Q

Cryopreservation of embryos

A

freezing embryos in liquid nitrogen; viable for up to 21 days

28
Q

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

  • when is it used
  • what is it
A

used when sperm count is low; inject the egg cell with the sperm cell so that it will become fertilized

29
Q

where do we get embryonic stem cells

A

cryopreserved embryos

30
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

taking the nucleus out of an adult cell and putting it in an oocyte without a nucleus
–> therapeutic cloning

31
Q

the trophoblast gives rise to the

A

cytotrophoblast

32
Q

the cytotrophoblast gives rise to the

A

synctiotrophoblast

33
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

stem cell layer that is mitotically active; keeps multiplying and gives rise to the synctiotrophoblast

34
Q

synctiotrophoblast

A

multinucleated cells that contain proteolytic enzymes that are responsible for implantation; release chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG); don’t have plasma membranes

35
Q

what releases human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

A

the synctiotrophoblast

36
Q

hydatidiform mole

A

abnormal trophoblast proliferation with excessive amounts of HCG produced

37
Q

two ways in which a complete hydatidiform mole can occur

A
  1. fertilization of an empty oocyte followed by duplication of the sperm (zona reaction occurred)
  2. fertilization of an empty oocyte by two sperm (zona reaction did not occur)
38
Q

how can a partial hydatidiform mole form

A

fertilization of a normal oocyte by two sperm

39
Q

clinical features of a hydatidiform mole

A 
positive pregnancy test
vaginal bleeding
pelvic pressure/pain
enlarged uterus
hyperemesis gravidarum (morning sickness)
40
Q

choriocarcinomas

A

malignant tumor that develops from hydatidiform mole; spread to liver, lungs, vagina, intestines, bone, and brain

41
Q

when does implantation start and finish

A

day 6 - day 10

42
Q

what three things does the epiblast give rise to

A

ectoderm
amnion
amnion cavity

43
Q

what does the hypoblast give rise to

A

extraembryonic endoderm

44
Q

endoderm gives rise to:

A

prechordal plate
primary and secondary yolk sacs
extraembryonic mesoderm

45
Q

prechordal plate

A

large group of cells that fuse to cells of the epiblast which is the location of the future mouth; the organization center for the formation of the head

46
Q

what does the hypoblast act as a placeholder for

A

the bilaminar disc

47
Q

extraembryonic coelom

A

hollow cavity outside the embryo

48
Q

what does extraembryonic somatic mesoderm line

A

lines the trophoblast and covers the amnion

49
Q

what does extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm line

A

lines the yolk sac

50
Q

connecting stalk

  • origin
  • what does it become
A

part of the extraembyronic somatic mesoderm; forms at the embryonic pole; becomes the umbilical cord

51
Q

primitive blood

  • origin
  • where does it form
A

part of the extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm; forms in the wall of the yolk sac

52
Q

chorion

  • origin
  • what’s it made of
  • what does it become
A

part of the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm; one of the layers of the placenta; made up of cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast

53
Q

placenta previa

A

vaginal bleeding beyond 20 weeks of gestation

54
Q

marginal placenta previa

A

placenta is right on the margin of the internal cervical os, causing vaginal bleeding

55
Q

partial placenta previa

A

placenta is covering half of the internal cervical os, causing vaginal bleeding

56
Q

total placenta previa

A

placenta is completely covering the internal cervical os, causing vaginal bleeding

57
Q

why must you do a US instead of a digital vaginal exam with placenta previa

A

palpation of the placenta can cause severe hemorrhage

58
Q

when does gastrulation occur

A

week 3

59
Q

gastrulation

A

the formation of the three primary germ layers

60
Q

the mesoderm gives rise to

A
  • connective tissue layers of the body
  • muscle
  • bone
  • blood
  • heart
  • spleen
61
Q

the ectoderm gives rise to

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
    CNS (brain and spinal cord)
62
Q

the endoderm gives rise to

A
  • lungs
  • GI tract organs
  • bladder
  • most of the glands (thyroid, parathyroid, etc.)
63
Q

primitive streak

A

marks the start of gastrulation, the process in which the inner cell mass in converted into the trilaminar embryonic disc, which is comprised of the three germ layers
- forms in the caudal region

64
Q

the septum transversum develops into the

A

diaphragm

65
Q

the cardiogenic area develops into the

A

heart

66
Q

the cloacal membrane develops into the

A

urogenital system

67
Q

cleavage

A

increase in cell number and decrease in cell size; embryo size is unchanged; morula develops

MSK I (15 decks)

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