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MSK I > Neurulation & Neural Crest > Flashcards

Neurulation & Neural Crest Flashcards

1
Q

gastrulation

A

the formation of the 3 primary germ layers

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2
Q

3 parts of the primitive streak

A

primitive knot
primitive groove
primitive pit

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3
Q

the neural plate will form the ______ by releasing ____

A

central nervous system

sonic hedgehog

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4
Q

somites

A

come from the paraxial mesoderm

- form the myotome, sclerotome, and dermatome

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5
Q

intermediate mesoderm becomes the

A

urogenital system including kidneys and gonads, ducts, and accessory glands

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6
Q

lateral plate mesoderm becomes ____

A

connective tissue

  • blood
  • lymph
  • mesenteries
  • cardiovascular
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7
Q

surface ectoderm becomes

A

hair, skin, nails, mammary glands, teeth enamel, internal ear, lens of eye

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8
Q

primary neurulation

A

the neural plate folds in and closes; the closing of the rostral neuropore

  • occurs at around day 25
  • closure of brain, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of spinal cord
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9
Q

secondary neurulation

A

caudal eminence fuses with posterior neuropore to form the sacral and coccyx part of the spinal cord
- hollow tube is formed

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10
Q

neural crest cells

A

found in the cranial and trunk regions; give rise to sensory neurons only

  • spinal ganglia
  • autonomic ganglia
  • cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, 10
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11
Q

neurilemma

A

supporting cells arising from the neural crest; the schwann cels; they myelinate the neurons in the peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

leptomeninges

A

supporting cells arising from the neural crest; the pia and dura mater

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13
Q

ectomesenchyme

A

arises from neural crest

  • bone and cartilage of facial skeleton
  • walls of large arteries from aortic arches
  • enamel and dentin
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14
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

type of trunk neural crest defect; megacolon - autonomic system does not innervate the colon so infants cannot defecate

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15
Q

aorticopulmonary septation defects of the heart can be caused by what neural crest defect

A

cranial

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16
Q

cleft lip and/or cleft palate can be caused by what neural crest defect

A

cranial

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17
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

type of cranial neural crest defect
- hypoparathyroidism, thyroid deficiency, thymic dysplasia leading to immunodeficiency, defects in cardiac outflow tract and aortic arches

18
Q

dental anomalies can be caused by what neural crest defect

A

cranial

19
Q

neuroblastoma

  • what is it
  • what neural crest defect causes it
A

tumor of adrenal medulla and/or autonomic ganglia

proliferation defects

20
Q

what embryological event can cause albinism

A

neural crest defect

21
Q

alpha fetal protein

A

shown to be increased in cases of meningocele, meningomyelocele, and myelocele; indicative of neural tube defects
- can use amniocentesis to test for this

22
Q

what supplement can prevent neural tube defects

A

folic acid

23
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

caused by the caudal neural pore not closing properly; results in a gap between spinous processes and sometimes a tuft of hair on the lower back and/or a dimple
- patients are normal

24
Q

meningocele

A

caudal neural pore closed but there are not vertebral arches or neural arches; causes a CSF filled cyst on the meninges that can be surgically repaired; spinal cord is NOT located in the cyst

25
Q

meningomyelocele

A

caudal neural pore closure defect; patients have a cyst on the spinal cord that DOES contain the meninges and spinal cord
- sensory and motor defects

26
Q

myelocele

A

caudal neural pore did not close and the spinal cord is exposed; surgically corrected after birth; motor and sensory defects

27
Q

Anencephaly

A

patients are missing the bony covering of the skull and part of the brain; incompatible with life; brain stem is intact and there is normal respiratory and cardiac function
- patients at risk for infection

28
Q

encephalocele (with brain tissue)

A

neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull; defects are caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely during fetal development.
- mental and physical deficits

29
Q

encephalocele (without brain tissue)

A

neural tube defect with sac-like protrusions that do NOT contain brain material and the patients are usually normal; caused by failure of the neural tube to close completely in development

30
Q

when is the rostral tube closure finished

A

day 28

31
Q

what do the meninges develop from

A

meninx primitiva

32
Q

meninx primitiva

A

mesoderm in origin; derived from sclerotome; contains some neural crest cells that have migrated in
- divides into pachymenix and leptomeninges

33
Q

pachymeninx

A

the dura mater; derived from mesoderm portion of the meninx primitiva

34
Q

leptomeninges

A

the arachnoid and pia mater; derived from the neural crest cells of the meninx primitiva

35
Q

the meninx primitiva divides into two cell populations called:

A

pachymeninx (dura mater)

leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater)

36
Q

paraxial mesoderm forms:

A

muscles of head, striated skeletal muscle (trunk, limbs), skeleton except cranium, dermis of skin, connective tissue

37
Q

lateral mesoderm forms:

A

connective tissue and muscle of viscera, primordial heart, spleen, blood and lymphatic cells, adrenal cortex

38
Q

neuroectoderm forms what two main branches

A

neural crest and neural tube

39
Q

neural crest forms

A
  • cranial and sensory ganglia and nerves
  • medulla of suprarenal gland
  • pigment cells
  • pharyngeal arch of cartilages
  • head mesenchyme and connective tissue
  • bulbar and conal ridges in heart
40
Q

neural tube forms

A
  • central nervous system
  • retina
  • pineal body
  • posterior part of pituitary gland
41
Q

Endoderm from the trilaminar embryonic disc forms

A
  • Epithelial parts of (pharynx, thyroid gland, tympanic cavity, pharyngotympanic tube, so tilts, parathyroid glands)
  • epithelium of (GI tract, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder, urachus)
  • epithelial parts of (trachea, bronchi, lungs)
42
Q

When are the upper limb bud, lower limb bud, primordial of lens, and the fourth pharyngeal arch formed by

A

Week 4

MSK I (15 decks)

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