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OB > Fetal Development (exam 1) > Flashcards

Fetal Development (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

First week of human development

A

transport of embryo down uterine tube and into uterus

  • Mitotic cellular replication (cleavage) occurs as baby (zygote) is propelled toward uterus
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2
Q

Morula

A

16 cells

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3
Q

trophoblast

A

outer layer of cells

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4
Q

blastocyst

A

inner layer of cells (baby)

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5
Q

Ovum term

A

Conception to 14 days

Encompasses cellular replication -> zygote to blastocyst formation and differentiation into the three primary germ layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Trophoblast (outer layer) develops into the placenta, integument, neural tissue, and glands

outer layer -> skin, nervous system, and other external parts of the body

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

middler layer -> forms muscles, bones, connective tissue, circulatory system, reproductive organs, and gu system

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

inner layer -> thymus, thyroid, digestive, respiratory, and parts of the gu system

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9
Q

Embryo term

A

15 days to 8 weeks (organs are forming)

  • Embryonic stage is the most critical time in the development of the organ systems and the external features
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10
Q

Teratogen

A

Environmental substances or exposures that result in functional or structural disability

  • Developing areas with rapid cell division are the most vulnerable to malformation by environmental teratogens
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11
Q

folic acid

A

helps with fetal development (NTDs)

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12
Q

Viability

A

Capability to survive outside the uterus

Major criteria: CNS function and O2 capability of lungs

  • Weight of 350g, 400g, or 500g
  • 20 weeks past conception (22 weeks since LNMP)
    (varies by state - TN is 500g, 20 weeks)

22-25 weeks still very concerning (threshold of viability)

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13
Q

Shunts

A

Allow most oxygenated blood to go to the brain

  • maternal and fetal blood do not normally mix
  • poorly oxygenated blood returns to the placenta for oxygen and nutrient through umbilical arteries

Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus

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14
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts around liver

Placenta does the work of liver for fetus

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15
Q

foramen ovale

A

right to left shunt

Blood transfers from right atrium through foramen oval to left atria

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16
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunts around lung

just enough to keep viable

17
Q

Hematopoietic

A

the formation of blood

  • Starting in the yolk sac (3rd week)
  • Stem cells seed the liver function 5th week
  • Hematopoiesis begins the 6th week
  • Stem cells seed the fetal bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes week 8 & 11
  • Antigenic factors determine blood type and are present in the erythrocytes around 5 weeks
  • Babies have their own blood type
  • If woman should spontaneously abort the baby, a small bit of baby blood may get into her blood system
  • If she happens to be Rh- and the baby is Rh+, her body immediately sets up a reaction to foreign substance (begins to develop antibodies to the Rh+ blood)
18
Q

Circulatory system

A

Blood cells and heart functioning at 3 weeks
- Heart is fully developed at 8 weeks

  • Hgb in fetus is about 50% greater than mother
  • Normal fetal HR 110-160 = CO per fetal body weight higher than adults

The antigenic factors that determine blood type are present in erythrocytes after 6th week
- Places Rh- mom at risk for isoimmunization in any pregnancy that lasts longer than 6 weeks
(antigenic factors: Rh factor -> rbc’s are - or +)

19
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant

A

Lecithin:Sphingomyelin (L:S) ration of 2:1 at maturity

20
Q

Oxygenation

A

L:S ratio 2:1 at maturation

Lung movement can be seen by 11th week

Lungs fully mature about 34 weeks gestation (does not mean they know how to use them)

Breathing (swallowing AF) can be seen on US

Steroids can help build lung development

21
Q

4 weeks external appearance

A
  • Body flexed
  • C shaped
  • Arm and leg buds present
  • Head at right angles to body
22
Q

8 weeks external appearance

A
  • Body fairly well formed
  • Nose flat
  • Eyes far apart
  • Digits well formed
  • Head elevating
  • Tail almost disappeared
  • Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth recognizable
23
Q

12 weeks external appearance

A
  • Nails appearing
  • Resembles a human
  • Head erect but disproportionately large
  • Skin pink, delicate
24
Q

16 weeks external appearance

A
  • Head still dominant
  • Face looks human
  • Eyes, ears, and nose approach typical appearance on gross examination
  • Arm/leg ratio proportionate
  • Scalp hair appears
25
Q

20 weeks external appearance

A
  • Vernix Caseosa appears
  • Lanugo appears
  • Legs lengthen considerably
  • Sebaceous glands appear
26
Q

24 weeks external appearance

A
  • Body lean but fairly well proportioned
  • Skin red and wrinkled
  • Vernix caseosa present
  • Sweat glands forming
27
Q

28 weeks external appearance

A
  • Lean body
  • Less wrinkled and red
  • Nails appear
28
Q

30-31 weeks external appearance

A
  • Subcutaneous fat beginning to collect
  • More rounded appearance
  • Skin pink and smooth
  • Has assumed birth position
29
Q

36 weeks external appearance

A
  • Skin pink
  • Body rounded
  • General lanugo disappearing
  • Body usually plump
30
Q

40 weeks external appearance

A
  • Skin smooth and pink
  • Scant vernix caseosa
  • Moderate to profuse hair
  • Lanugo on shoulders and upper body only
  • Nasal and alar cartilage present
31
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Two separate pregnancies occurring simultaneously
- 2 embryos, 2 placentas, 2 chorions, and 2 amnions

Dichorionic/Diamniotic (di/di)

each embryo has their own amniotic sac (fraternal)

32
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Result from the division of a single fertilized ovum

  • same sex, same physical traits
  • shared placenta, 2 embryos, 2 amnions, 1 chorion, 1 placenta

Monochorionic/Diamniotic (mo/di):
Each embryo has their own amniotic sac (amnion) but share a placenta (chorion)

Monochorionic/Monoamniotic (mo/mo):
2 embryos, 1 sac, 1 placenta (always identical)

33
Q

blood cells and blood vessels beginning to form, heart is beating

A

3rd week

34
Q

fetal heartbeat heard with US doppler

A

10-12 weeks

35
Q

sex is apparent at how many weeks

A

end of 12 gestation weeks

36
Q

AF is adequate amount for amniocentesis

A

end of 16 gestation weeks

37
Q

weight at the end of 24 weeks

A

600 gm

38
Q

surfactant forming on alveolar surfaces by how many weeks

A

end of 28

39
Q

L:S, 2:1 ration at ____ weeks

A

35

OB (35 decks)

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