Fill in the blanks for lecture 1 Flashcards
In the past, there was no concept of harvesting. Everyone assumed there were plentiful __________. No issues with excess harvesting, as can be seen with the ___________ of _______.
1) Resources
2) Harvesting of seals
Even as Darwin was coming up with natural selection, still saw no issue with ___________ harvesting.
excessive
Peak seal hunting:
1911: Treaty to stop pelagic sealing and terrestrial catches…but, _____ _______ didn’t ______ ______.
Seal populations didn’t bounce back.
Historically, ecology was a descriptive science of ______ _____.
This led to some questions about species. What were they?
1) Species lists.
Questions:
1) Why are some species more abundant than others?
2) Why do we have latitudinal gradients in species numbers?
3) Why do communities with many species function differently than those with few species?
Shelford’s Law of Tolerance:
Organisms ability to _______, _____ and ________ within the envrionmental limitations.
reproduce, grow and survive
What is seen in the zone of intolerance?
Species are absent.
What is seen near the lower/upper limit of tolerance?
Organisms can survive but not reproduce.
Draw the graphical representation of Sheford’s law of tolerance. Clearly mark the zone of intolerance, limits of tolerance, areas of survival, growth and highest fitness as well as mark the axes.
Refer to notes (13)
What are poikilotherms?
organisms that cannot control their internal body temperature and thus experience the temperature around them. Generally insects.
What trends are seen in poikilotherms in terms of growth, reproduction.
Increase in temperature generally results in increase in growth and reproduction. Too cold or too hot however, results in death.
A stream is more likely to push a species to extinction during _______ ______.
climate change
Species change along ________ gradients. An example of this is ______ _______.
1) environmental gradients
2) stream order
When looking at the distribution of angiosperms, close to the north pole we have _____ species; close to the tropics we have _____ species.
less;more
What area is an exception to an increase in species abundance near the tropics?
The Sahara desert
The latitudinal gradient pattern is seen for different _______ and at different _______.
species; scales
The latitudinal gradient pattern is true for all _______ regardless of ______. It is true for both _____ and ______ blooded individuals.
1) organisms
2) habitat
3) warm;cold
As one moves away from the equator, the number of shallow marine gastropods __________.
decreases
Ecologists try to understand why some _____ are more _______ than others.
diverse
others
When species diversity is high (tropical rainforest) it is difficult to predict the _______ of a randomly ______ _______.
species of a randomly chosen species.
What is ecology?
- science of ___________.
- study of a single species __ ___ _________ without ________ __ ___________ is not properly included in the field of ecology.
1) communities
2) to the environment;
reference to communities
Victor E. Shelford founded:
- __________ and;
- ______ which became ______.
Note: _____ = more than one word
The ecological society of America
The Ecologists union, later become the nature conservancy
Victor E. Shelford made a point that we can’t study _______ without mentioning the ___________.
- species
- environment
Ecosystem _____ when ______ are harvested.
- shifts
- seals
What were Frederick Clements’ views?
- plant community (superorganism)
- plant communities underwent succession to climax community
