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A&P2 Spring 25’ > Final: 1 May 25 1 May Polio Vaccine Development and Random Health Issues > Flashcards

Final: 1 May 25 1 May Polio Vaccine Development and Random Health Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

What disease does polio primarily affect?

A

Neuromuscular transmission

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the iron lung?

A

To assist breathing for individuals affected by polio

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3
Q

What was the public perception of polio in the 1950s and 60s?

A

People were really scared of polio

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4
Q

What two types of polio vaccines were developed in the 1960s?

A
  • Dead virus vaccine
  • Live virus vaccine
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5
Q

What was a significant safety incident related to the polio vaccine?

A

A batch of the dead virus vaccine was not properly killed, leading to injections of live virus

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6
Q

What organization was established to combat polio?

A

March of Dimes

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7
Q

What type of cancer has seen a survival rate of approximately 90% in children?

A

Childhood cancer

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8
Q

What is emphysema characterized by?

A

Destruction of alveoli and lower surface area for gas exchange

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9
Q

What happens to lung compliance in emphysema?

A

Lung compliance increases, making it easier to fill but harder to empty

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10
Q

What enzyme is involved in the destruction of unwanted materials in the lungs?

A

Trypsin

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11
Q

What molecule inhibits trypsin activity in the lungs?

A

Alpha One antitrypsin

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12
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of alpha one antitrypsin?

A

Increased trypsin activity leading to emphysema

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13
Q

What is the typical outcome for individuals with a genetic deficiency in alpha one antitrypsin without treatment?

A

Emphysema and likely death by around 30 years of age

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14
Q

True or False: The polio vaccine was 99% effective.

A

True

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The polio virus was often traced back to _______.

A

Swimming pools

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16
Q

What is a common treatment for severe cases of alpha one antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Lung transplant

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17
Q

What is the primary role of alpha one antitrypsin in the lungs?

A

To inhibit trypsin and prevent lung tissue destruction

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18
Q

How was the March of Dimes funded in its early campaigns?

A

Through donations of dimes from the public

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19
Q

What can excessive trypsin activity lead to in the lungs?

A

Destruction of elastic tissue and loss of recoil

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20
Q

What is the relationship between emphysema and alveoli?

A

Emphysema leads to the loss and merging of alveoli

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21
Q

Why is the polio vaccine considered a success despite initial setbacks?

A

It led to the near elimination of polio in many areas

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22
Q

What is the primary function of alpha one antitrypsin?

A

To inhibit trypsin activity in the lungs and protect lung tissue

Alpha one antitrypsin is crucial for maintaining lung health by preventing excessive breakdown of lung tissue.

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23
Q

What condition typically requires a lung transplant due to alpha one antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Severe lung damage or emphysema

Patients usually qualify for lung transplants if their lung damage is not due to personal behaviors like smoking.

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24
Q

What environmental factor can inhibit the action of alpha one antitrypsin?

A

Smoke

Small particles in smoke can impair the function of alpha one antitrypsin, leading to lung damage.

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25
How does smoke affect the filtering process of the lungs?
Smoke particles are too small to be effectively trapped by mucus ## Footnote The filtering system of the lungs is designed to catch larger particles, making smoke particularly harmful.
26
What organ is responsible for producing alpha one antitrypsin?
Liver ## Footnote The liver synthesizes various proteins, including alpha one antitrypsin, which is essential for lung protection.
27
What are some causes of liver problems that can affect alpha one antitrypsin production?
Congenital issues, alcoholism ## Footnote Liver dysfunction can lead to decreased production of alpha one antitrypsin, which is vital for lung health.
28
What is methemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that contains oxidized iron, making it non-functional ## Footnote Methemoglobin cannot effectively bind or release oxygen due to the presence of ferric iron.
29
What percentage of circulating hemoglobin is typically in the methemoglobin form?
About 1.5% ## Footnote Even in healthy individuals, a small percentage of hemoglobin exists in the methemoglobin state.
30
What enzyme reduces methemoglobin back to functional hemoglobin?
Methemoglobin reductase ## Footnote This enzyme restores the iron in hemoglobin to its ferrous state, allowing it to bind oxygen again.
31
What type of iron is capable of binding oxygen in hemoglobin?
Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) ## Footnote Ferrous iron has two positive charges, allowing for reversible binding of oxygen.
32
What is sickle cell anemia caused by?
Defective beta chains in hemoglobin ## Footnote The genetic mutation affects the structure and function of hemoglobin, leading to various health issues.
33
What is the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease?
Sickle cell trait has one defective beta gene; sickle cell disease has two ## Footnote Individuals with sickle cell trait are usually asymptomatic, while those with the disease experience significant health challenges.
34
What happens to red blood cells in sickle cell anemia?
They can become stuck in capillaries, leading to blockages ## Footnote This blockage causes pain and can lead to organ damage due to reduced blood flow.
35
What is the primary structural composition of adult hemoglobin?
Two alpha chains and two beta chains ## Footnote Each chain can carry one molecule of oxygen, allowing hemoglobin to transport up to four oxygen molecules.
36
Fill in the blank: Alpha one antitrypsin deficiency can result in _______ due to unchecked trypsin activity.
Lung damage ## Footnote Without sufficient alpha one antitrypsin, trypsin can damage lung tissue, leading to conditions like emphysema.
37
True or False: Long-term smoking has no effect on the levels of alpha one antitrypsin in the body.
False ## Footnote Smoking can inhibit the activity of alpha one antitrypsin, leading to increased lung damage.
38
True or False: The liver produces alpha one antitrypsin regardless of its health status.
False ## Footnote Liver function is crucial for the production of alpha one antitrypsin; liver disease can reduce its levels.
39
What happens to the shape of a red blood cell when it unloads oxygen?
The red blood cell changes into a sickle shape, becoming rigid and often unable to pass through capillaries. ## Footnote This rigidity can lead to blockages in blood flow.
40
What is the consequence of a sickled red blood cell being jammed in a capillary?
The tissue served by that capillary cannot receive blood and nutrients, leading to potential tissue damage. ## Footnote This may result in the need for collateral circulation to supply nutrients.
41
How can individuals with sickle cell trait reduce the risk of complications?
By limiting physical activity to avoid excessive oxygen demand and minimize sickling of red blood cells. ## Footnote High metabolism increases oxygen extraction, exacerbating the sickling process.
42
What is the typical oxygen unloading from blood at rest?
Approximately 5 mL of O2 from each deciliter of blood. ## Footnote Higher oxygen demands can lead to increased sickling in individuals with sickle cell disease.
43
What kind of treatment can be used for severe sickle cell disease?
Blood transfusions and hydroxyurea are common treatment options. ## Footnote Transfusions carry risks such as rejection or infection, while hydroxyurea stimulates the production of fetal hemoglobin.
44
What does hydroxyurea do in the treatment of sickle cell disease?
It activates fetal hemoglobin gene expression, replacing sickle hemoglobin with fetal hemoglobin. ## Footnote Fetal hemoglobin has a different structure, which may alleviate symptoms.
45
True or False: Supplemental oxygen is highly effective for treating sickle cell disease.
False. ## Footnote Supplemental oxygen has limited effectiveness as it does not significantly increase oxygen content in the blood.
46
What is the significance of hemoglobin A1c levels?
Hemoglobin A1c levels indicate the average blood sugar levels over time. ## Footnote High levels are often associated with poorly controlled diabetes.
47
What is the normal range for hemoglobin A1c levels?
Typically 5% or lower. ## Footnote Higher levels indicate increased risk of diabetes complications.
48
What role does carbon dioxide play in blood gas regulation?
CO2 levels influence ventilation and can lead to respiratory drive adjustments via proton concentration. ## Footnote Chronic high CO2 levels can alter the body's reliance on O2 levels for ventilation control.
49
What happens to patients with chronic diseases like emphysema regarding CO2 and O2 levels?
They may become reliant on oxygen levels for ventilation control due to chronic high CO2 and proton concentrations. ## Footnote This shift can complicate their respiratory management.
50
Fill in the blank: The mutation causing sickle cell disease provides a survivability advantage against _______.
malaria. ## Footnote Individuals with sickle cell trait have increased resistance to malaria.
51
What is myoglobin and its function?
Myoglobin is a protein that stores oxygen in muscle tissues. ## Footnote It uses iron to bind oxygen where it is needed most.
52
What is carboxyhemoglobin?
Carboxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide. ## Footnote Elevated levels can indicate exposure to carbon monoxide.
53
What is the typical concentration of carbon monoxide in blood?
Normally around 1% but can rise to about 4% in abnormal conditions. ## Footnote Elevated levels indicate potential carbon monoxide poisoning.
54
What is carbonic acid and its dissociation products?
Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into protons and bicarbonate. ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance in the body.
55
True or False: Bicarbonate is a strong base.
False. ## Footnote Bicarbonate is stronger than carbon dioxide as an acid, but it is not a strong base overall.
56
What do patients with chronically high CO2 levels become reliant on for ventilation control?
Oxygen levels in the blood ## Footnote This shift occurs when the body adapts to high CO2 and protons, leading to dependence on hypoxia sensors.
57
What happens if a patient reliant on hypoxia sensors is given 100% oxygen?
They may stop breathing ## Footnote This is due to the loss of the drive to breathe as their primary stimulus shifts from CO2 to oxygen.
58
What major issue arises when the body cannot blow off acids due to reliance on oxygen levels?
Respiratory acidosis ## Footnote This condition can result from apnea and accumulation of CO2 and acids in the blood.
59
What is the average surface area of alveoli compared to?
A tennis court ## Footnote This large surface area is necessary for adequate gas exchange and oxygen absorption.
60
What happens to pulmonary capillaries when cardiac output increases?
More capillaries are filled with blood ## Footnote This recruitment increases surface area for gas exchange.
61
Why is surface area important for oxygen exchange?
Oxygen is not very soluble ## Footnote A larger surface area is needed to extract the required amount of oxygen from the environment.
62
What is dead space ventilation and how does the body manage it?
The body blocks off some alveoli to limit dead space ventilation ## Footnote This mechanism protects the lungs from toxins by reducing exposure.
63
What is 'sigh' in the context of respiration?
An occasional deeper breath taken about 12 to 15 times per hour ## Footnote It serves to maintain lung function and prevent alveolar collapse.
64
How do modern anesthesia machines incorporate sighs into ventilation?
They have a built-in option to provide occasional sighs ## Footnote This feature helps maintain alveolar patency.
65
What role does surfactant play in lung function?
It reduces surface tension in the alveoli ## Footnote Surfactant release is crucial for maintaining lung stability and function.
66
What is the effect of positive pressure ventilation on surfactant release?
It does not release surfactant as effectively as normal breathing ## Footnote This can lead to atelectasis and reduced lung function.
67
What is 'agnostic breathing'?
A breathing pattern characterized by long inspirations followed by short expirations ## Footnote It occurs when the pons is separated from lower respiratory control centers due to severe brain injury.
68
What can cause physical separation of the pons from the medulla?
Severe traumatic brain injury ## Footnote This can lead to agnostic breathing patterns and indicates poor prognosis.
69
What is the typical functional residual capacity (FRC) change when a person lies down?
It decreases from about 3 liters to about 2 liters ## Footnote This reduction can influence lung function during sleep.
70
What physiological response may occur before going to sleep?
Taking a deep breath or yawning ## Footnote This prepares the lungs for lower volumes while sleeping.

A&P2 Spring 25’ (26 decks)

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