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FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Middle Childhood?

A

Period between early childhood and

early adolescence ages 7-11

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2
Q

What safeguards children ages 7-11?

A

Genetic and environmental factors

safeguard children.

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3
Q

When do most fatal diseases and accidents occur ?

A

before age 7.

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4
Q

What age do permanent teeth come?

A

ages 6-12

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5
Q

What is Embodied Cognition?

A

Embodied Cognition: physical activity fosters brain

development

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6
Q

What is Selective Attention:

A

The ability to concentrate on some
stimuli while ignoring others (part of executive
control/executive function)

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7
Q

What is a reduction in reaction time?

A

Reduction in reaction time: time it takes to respond

to a stimulus physically or cognitively

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8
Q

What is automization?

A

The process in which repetition of a
sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence
routine, no longer requiring conscious thought

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9
Q

Benefits of sports include:

A
  • better overall health.
  • less obesity.
  • appreciation of cooperation and fair play.
  • improved problem-solving abilities.
  • respect for teammates and opponents from many ethnicities and nationalities
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10
Q

What are the Hazards of physical activity?

A 
• loss of self-esteem as a result of 
criticism from teammates or coaches.
• injuries 
• reinforcement of prejudices 
• increases in stress 
• time and effort taken away from learning 
academic skills
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11
Q

What % of children have chronic health needs?

A

About 13% of all children have special
health needs; some get worse during
middle childhood.

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12
Q

What index does a child have to be over to be considered overweight?

A

being above the 85th percentile on BMI

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13
Q

What index does an Adult have to be over to be considered overweight?

A

• a BMI (body mass index) of 25 to 29

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14
Q

What numbers make an adult obese?

A

having a BMI of 30 or more

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15
Q

What %tile makes a child obese?

A

being above the 95th percentile on BMI

• In childhood, 6 year olds have lowest BMI.

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16
Q

Is Genetic Predisposition a setting point in obesity?

A

YUH

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17
Q

What are the environmental factors of Childhood Obesity?

A

– cultural values
– lack of exercise
– poor quality food
– watching TV/video

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18
Q

Overweight children ate most likely to experience ________ earlier than peers?

A

Puberty

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19
Q

What is early puberty associated with?

A

Risk factors such as:
Teen pregnancy
Drug abuse
Family conflict

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20
Q

What is Asthma?

A

Chronic inflammation of the airways.

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21
Q

Waht % of school age children is affected by asthma?

A

14% which is 3x as common as it was in 1980

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22
Q

What fraction of people do not outgrow asthma?

A

2/3

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23
Q

What are Allergens?

A

dust, pet dander, etc.

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24
Q

What is a hygeine hypthesis?

A

Microbiome needs exposure to some viruses and bacteria to develop.

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25
What is the Evidence of the possibel causes of asthma?
Urban kids, first borns, c section babies all have higher asthma rates.
26
What is the primary prevention of asthma?
– better ventilation of schools and home – decreased pollution – eradication of cockroaches – construction of more play areas
27
What is the Secondary prevention of asthma?
– breast-feeding – ridding the house of dust, pets, smoke and other allergens – regular checkups
28
What are the Tertiary preventions of asthma?
– use of injections and inhalers | – hypoallergenic materials
29
What is Aptitude?
Potential to master a particular skill or body of knowledge.
30
What are IQ tests?
Tests designed to measure intellectual aptitude. Think of Alfred Binet.
31
What are achievement tests?
They measure proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, etc.
32
What is the Flynn effect?
The rise in the average IQ over the decades.
33
What is the Wechsler Intellegence Scale for Children?
An IQ test designed for school age children.
34
Criticisms of IQ testing:
– No test can measure potential without also measuring achievement. – Every test score reflects the culture of the people who wrote, administer and take it. – Intellectual potential changes over the life span. – Humans may have multiple intelligences.
35
What does an IQ test detect?
• IQ tests can help detect learning disabilities, giftedness, and other special needs.
36
What do IQ tests predict?
IQ scores predict later school achievement and to some degree, career attainment in adulthood (biased but valid)
37
What are the 3 types of intelligience according to sternberg?
Creative Academic Practical CAP
38
What is Academic Intellgience?
measured by IQ and achievement tessts to analyze ideas.
39
What is creative intellgience?
Evidenced by imaginative endeavors to generate ideas?
40
What is practical intelligence?
seen in everyday problem solving to implement ideas.
41
Does Brain Activity correlate with intellgieince?
Not exactly its too difficult.
42
What are the 3 brain function conclusions?
Brain development depends on experience. Dendrite formation and myelination continue throughout life. Children with disorders have different brian patterns that can change with training.
43
What is neurdoiversity?
People have unique brain functions
44
Children who require extra. help in order to learn are considered
children with special needs.
45
First problems to be noticed in children with special needs are
slowness impulsiveness clumsiness Disability becomes better or worse in adulthood depending on how they were treated as a child.
46
What is Multifinality?
Multifinality: one cause can have many final symptoms
47
What is Equifinality?
Equifinality: one symptom can have many causes.
48
Describe ADHD
``` – great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments. – inattentive – impulsive – overactive ```
49
What is Comorbidity?
The presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at same time
50
In 1980 what % of US kids were diagnosed with ADHD
5%
51
What % of boys are diagnosed with ADHD
80%
52
What are some of the medications to treat ADHD?
Ritalin Adderall Strattera ETC
53
What is Specific Learning Disorder?
A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by: • Physical disability • Intellectual disability • unusually stressful home environment
54
What is an example of a reading disorder
Dyslexia
55
What is an example of a written expression disorder
Dysgraphia
56
What is an example of a math disorder
dyscalculia
57
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
A developmental disorder marked by the inability to relate to other people normally.
58
What are the 3 levels of ASD?
Level 1: Requiring support Level 2: Requiring substantial support Level 3 Requires very substantial support
59
What is Aspergers Syndrome?
``` a specific type of autistic spectrum disorder (some still have the diagnosis) ```
60
What is concrete operational thought?
Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
61
What is Seriation?
Arranging in logical series
62
What is Identity?
characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change.
63
What is the Role of Instruction?
regarded a crucial by Vygotsky, especially in the zone of proximal development.
64
What is information processing theory?
Cognition as the functioning of a computer.
65
What is Sensory Register?
The detection of stimulus by any of the 5 senses?
66
What is working memory?
The component of the information processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
67
What is long-term memory?
Component of the information-processing system in which limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
68
What is automization?
The ability to perform mental/behavioral processes with little thought, like tying a shoe.
69
What is a knowledge base?
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new info in that area.
70
What is a control procerss?
mechanisms that combine selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation.
71
When does language rapidly advance>
before middle childhood ex. age 6.
72
School age kids learn up to ____ words a day.
20
73
School age kids are more flexible in what categories?
Vocabulary and pragmatics
74
What are the 2 codes of language?
Formal Code | Informal Code
75
What is Formal Code?
used in school and other formal situations
76
What is Informal Code?
how ya talk with ya homies
77
When do kids learn nuances?
age 10
78
When will a bilingual child experience braing growth on the left side?
after 4+ years of age
79
What is an NAEP?
Nations report card in reading and math
80
Industry vs Inferirority
Erikson's fourth developmental crisis
81
The self concept in kids starts from what age?
ages 6-12
82
What is Resilience?
The capacity to develop optimally by adapting positively to significant adversity.
83
What is Cumalitive Stress?
relatively minor daily hassles that build to have a major impact.
84
What is cognitive coping?
it comes through a positive interpretation of stressful events.
85
What fosters stress?
Parentification
86
ACEs test is
correlated with physical and mental health problems in adulthood.
87
What can also affect temperment as well as ability?
Genes
88
What is a shared enviorment?
Household influences are the same for two people.
89
What is a NONshared enviornment?
siblings with different friends and teachers.
90
Why do children need family?
``` provide basic material necessities. –encourage learning. –develop self-respect. –nurture peer relationships. –ensure harmony and stability. ```
91
What is structure?
legal and genetic relationship among relatives in the same home.
92
What is a Nuclear family?
alliance of one married couple living with their children and no one else.
93
Kohlbergs 3 levels of morla reasoning are?
Preconventional=rewards+punishments Conventional=social rules Postconventional=moral principles

PSYCHD (3 decks)

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