Final Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
characteristic of a queen
A
biggest member, long abdomen, wing is half the length of abdomen
2
Q
characteristics of workers
A
work in hive for 3 weeks of life, next 3 weeks they’re foragers
3
Q
characteristics of drones
A
wings mostly longer than abdomen, has oversize eyes don’t have a stinger
4
Q
life cycle
A
egg, larvae, pupae and adult bee
after 3 days, egg becomes larvae =segmental, white colours hint and under tension
5
Q
roles and tasks of house honeybees
A
- cleaners (1-5th day)
- feeders (5-8th honey, poll, water, 8-12th day royal jelly) and nurse and accompanying the workers
- builders (12-18th days)
- guarders (18-21st)
- foragers
6
Q
how many days in total for each member of life cycle
A
queen = 16 worker = 21 drone = 24
7
Q
apis dorsata
A
- giant honey
- south asia
- one nest comb >1m2
- short periods between swarming
- well-developed instincts
8
Q
apis florea
A
- South Asia, warm
- small, head wider than thorax
- one comb situated in lower plants and bushes
- specific defence - build up a glue substance on branches around nest
- possible use for pollination of industrial crops
9
Q
apis cerana
A
- south-east Asia
- more lines of combs in closed space - foraging food during whole year
- drones brood covered with hard caps
10
Q
different types of apis mellifera
A
carnica = grey in colour, calm, swarm easily
ligustica = yellow colour, medium shaped with long tongue, prone to robbing behaviour
caucasica = brown, large, gentle and don’t swarm
mellifera = grey, medium to large, short tongue and relatively aggressive
11
Q
apian products
A
nectar, pollen, propolis, wax, royal jelly and venom
12
Q
trophallaxis
A
- one worker begs for food and another offering it
- begging bee pushes its proboscis towards the mouth of another, which open mandibles, pushes its proboscis forward and regurgitates a drop of nectar, which beginning bee takes
- bee makes contact their antennae also touch
- exchange: receiving or giving nectar - scent message
13
Q
pheromones
A
- produced in exocrine glands that secrete their substances to the outside of the body
- substances that are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species
14
Q
nasonov pheromones
A
- produced by workers in nasonov gland situated under membrane between two last dorsal sclerite plates
- has a canal which goes through tiny pores and glandular cells
15
Q
alarm pheromones
A
mandibular gland, glands of sting apparatus, footprint, queen mandibular
16
Q
bee dances and vibration
A
- round dance = when there’s source of food near hive
- forage is >100m away (simple figure of eight with straight run between top and bottom of 8, wings and rapidly shakes it abdomen from side to side
- dance is performed on the vertical face of comb - represents direction of sun
- distance of forage source is communicated by length
- “dorso-ventral abdo vibrating dance” shaking dance used when more forages need to be recruited during a nectar flow
17
Q
mating “wedding flight”
A
- spring, early summer
- queen mating mood = going out of the hive
- mating (6-10days)
- drone mating mood (after 10 days)
- queens fly to drones congregation area - mating 10-40m from ground
- drone approaches the queen from behind-moves above her-grabs with legs and everts his endophallus into open cloaca
- flips over backwards and endophallus breaks off leaving a part of it inside of queen
- during mating sperms are pushed through into the queens oviducts, then after 48-64hrs journey moving into spermatheca
18
Q
swarming
A
- developing of drone brood
- start of building queen cells (10-20)
- queen is on diet by reducing her food supply so that her egg laying rate reduces
- swimming about 7-8 days before 1st new queen emerge (next 24 days collect swarm and move into a new hive)
19
Q
alteration in honey colony linked with queen
A
- queen death
- drone mother
- false queen
20
Q
content of shipment
A
- queen bees: maximum of 20 accompanying attendants to one queen bee in one single queen bee cage
- bumble bees: limited to a single colony containing a maximum of 200 adult bumble bees per container
21
Q
american foul brood disease (AFB)
A
- bacterium
- honeybee brood
- oval spores - only infectious form
- median infectious dose for larvae is 10 spores per 24-48hrs
- spore germinates into vegetative spore in larvae mid-hut on average 12 hours
- dead larvae: without ays hape, homogenous, brown
- larvae die before capping
22
Q
epidemiology of AFB
A
- infectious spores may be found in honey, pollen, wax, hive material, adult honeybees
23
Q
comb caps above healthy brood
A
dry, convex, porous and colour of neighbouring caps
24
Q
Clinical signs of AFB
A
- brood frame appears mottled
- unregular formation of capped and uncapped brood
- concave, punctured and moisture capping
- hole, perforation, unregular edges
- punctures and “mosaic” dark capping
- dead, dark brown larvae
25
European foul brood (EFB)
- uncapped brood
- non-sopre forming bacterium
- infected larvae die when they are 4-5 days old
- EFB can cause significant weakening or collapse of colonies
- honeybee larvae die 1-2 days before capping or shortly after that
- spiral placement in comb cell
- puffy with visible tracheal system and process is finishing with death
26
controlling of EFB
- removing of diseased brood
| - regular queen exchange
27
3 viruses are characterised with specific clinical signs:
- chronic bee paralysis virus
- deformed wing virus
- sac brood virus
28
varroa
- varroa destructor
| - females live as hematophagous parasites on larvae, pupae and adults of honeybee
29
sacbrood
- capped brood and young adult honeybees
- infected larvae fail to pupate after cell capping and die
- fluid rich in SBV accumulates under their unshed skin, forming a sac
- sac during time becomes dry, non-adhesive, gondola shaped scales
30
infected adult honeybees (sacbrood)
- become forages earlier in their life
- stop eating pollen
- secretion of royal jelly is impaired
- their lifespan significantly decreases
31
acute bee paralysis virus complex
- associated with colony mortality and strong varroa destructor infestations
acute bee paralysis virus
Israeli acute paralysis
kashmir bee virus
32
acute bee paralysis virus
- become pathogenic following its direct injection into honeybee haemolymph by V.destructor
- clinical signs: bees walking around in groups, position of wings is abnormal- asymmetric pointing straight out from body
33
chronic bee paralysis (type 1 and 2)
```
1
- greater number of adult honeybees
- honeybees get out from hive, in group
- trembling wings and body, ataxia, circling
- inability of flying
- bloated abdomen
2
- smaller number of adult honeybees
- bees are smaller
- become hairless and appear dark and shiny
- crawling and body and wings trembling
- with shortened abdomen
```
34
deformed wing virus
- linked with high v. destructor infestations
- horizontal and vertical transmission
- wings are deformed, stubby and useless
- lifespan is reduced
- colony weakening and collapse may occur
35
black queen cell virus (BQCV)
- in intensive rearing of honeybee queens
- nosema species
- cells with infected larvae develop dark brown or black cell walls
- diseased pre-pupa or pupae cannot develop into adult queen and die
36
nosemosis
- parasitic disease of adult bees
| - obligate intracellular spore forming parasites affecting exclusively the epithelial cells of mid-gut
37
phases of nosemosis
```
1 = asymptomatic phase
2= repalcement
3 = recovery
4 = depopulation
```
38
varoosis
- parasitic disease of ueorpean honeybee (varroa destructor)
- feeds on fat Boyd of adult bees, bee larvae and pupae
- reproduces inside the capped bee brood
39
morphology of female V. destructor
- oval, flattened body, covered with hairs
- width: length ratio
- four pairs of legs, 1st pair directed forward - sensory functions
- brown- reddish sclerotised shield (chitin)
- mouthparts specialised for piercing and feeding (gnathostome)
40
morphology of male V. destructor
- smaller
- round in shape
- soft body
- lightly coloured
- can be found only in capped brood
- not able to survive and feed on adult bees
- die inside brood soon after mating
41
effects at individual levels
- death of pupa
- deformed bees
- reduced weight
- shorter lifespan
- behaviours change
- immune suppression
42
how to assess the level of infestation
- monitoring natural mite fall (sticky board)
- mite fall count after application of VMP
- drone brood uncapping method
- counting mites on a standard sample of adult bees
= 250-300 bees, jar with a mesh cover
- sugar shake method: get 250-300 bees --> 2 spoons of powdered sugar --> shake for 1 min --> leave for 3-5 minutes --> invert and shake over a white board, count --> bees are kept alive
43
mite control - bio technological methods
- removal of drone or worker brood
- dron ebrood removal after building on shallow combs
- brood interruption ,method
- comb trapping method
- powdered sugar dusting
44
acarsosis (tracheal mite disease)
- disease of adult honey bee
- lives and reproduces mainly in the large prothoracic trachea of the bee - supplying air to flight muscle
- feeds on haemolymph piercing through the tracheal wall
45
morphology of acarosis
- microscopic mite, oval shape, whitish colour
- 4 pairs of legs
- mouthparts adapted for sucking haemolymph
46
life cycle of acarosis
- female enters trachea of young bee before the chitin valve solidifies
- female lays 8-20 eggs
- development takes 2 weeks
- mating takes place in trachea
- mated females leave trachea and infect another young bee
- males stay in trachea
47
acarosis
- microscopic examination of the 1st pair of trachea
48
chalk brood
- fungal disease of a capped brood
- young bee larvae are infected through ingestion of food contamination`ted with spores
- spores germinate int eh gut, penetrate the peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium, enabling the mycelium to grow inside larval tissue
- 1st sign = whit end black mummies on the front floor of a hive
- pupae are resistant, nut death occurs in the capped stage
- dead larvae is first pale yellow, soft and covered with a f fluffy white mycellum
- dead larvae dry out and appear as white or black mummies
- black mummies contain ascospores
49
predisposing factor for the onset of chalkbrood
- weak colony due to various stressors
- cold and high humidity
- drop in brood temperature
- genetics
- a cardie residues in beeswax and comb foundation
50
transmission of chalkrbood
- mummies
- contained nectar, honey, pollen and water
- beekeeping equipment or supplementary feed
- contaminated comb
51
prevention and control of chalkbrood
- proper ventilation
- old comb replacement
- hygienic water supply
- regular requeening
- varoosis control
- supplementary feeding: sugar, syrup + Vit C
- pollen of diverse botanical origin
52
stonebrood
- fungal disease of capped brood and adult bees
- zoonosis
- spores germinate, mycelium grows inside
- differential: mummies are difficult to crush and can turn colour to yellow - green, etc
- prevention: good beekeeping practice
53
phytocides
herbicides and fungicides
54
zoocides
insecticides
acarides
rodenticides
limacides
55
intoxication outcome: acute, sub-lethal and chronic
acute
- death after single exposure
- intoxication symptoms
- organophosphorus components cause hyperexcitable and irritable behaviour
sub-lethal
- individual survives are intoxication, then transfers and has a negative effect on brood, queen and house bees
- posioning with neonicotinoids impair: cognitive, thermoregulation and immunosuppressive
chronic
- after chronic exposure to chemicals and their residues
56
neonictonoids
- systemic insecticides with main use as seed treatments
- they're systemic in plants and found in pollen, nectar of flowers during blooming period
- they're suspected by many beekeepers to be one of causes of the health criss affecting honeybees
57
routes of poisoning
- systemic = multitoxical effecting
> direct contact
> inhalation + via drifted dust from seed treamtnet
> contaminated food and water
58
EU legislative framework on pesticides
- sustainable use of pestidiees
- establishing maximum residue levels of pesticides
collection of statistics
- technical requirements for machinery
- placing on the market only authorised plant
59
prognosis - intoxications
- place, dose and toxicity and honeybee colony strength
60
diagnosis of intoxication of honeybee
suspicion
- absence of major infectious disease
- symptoms in most of hives, infant etc
- clinica signs: neurological issues, population decrease, lack of brood, bees mortality
sample
- toxicological analysis
- individual sample for diseases examinations + cover documentation
61
anatomy of bumble bee
- round, covered with dense hair
- colour banded abomden - warming sign
- pollen basket on lateral side of the tibia on the hind legs
- females have a stinger but lacks barsb
62
life cycle of bumble bee
1. solitary phase
2. eusocial phase
3. emergence of sexual and mating
63
solitary phase
- queen comes out from ground, forages and finds a nest
- collects pollen + lays 8-16eggs, then covers it with wax
- queen builds a wax pot, in which she stores nectar and incubates them
- pupal stage takes 4-5weeks
64
eusocial phase
- colony grows
- competition phase starts
- queen stops laying unfertilised eggs
65
emergence of sexual and mating
- starts to lay eggs for future drones and queens
- workers try to lay their own eggs
- male and females mate only once
66
commercial rearing of bumblebees
- rearing of a colony takes 7 days
| - commercial colony contains a queen 100-200 workers
67
rearing conditions for bumblebees
- queens collected from wild after emerging from hibernation or come from captivity
- rearing in styrofoam, cardboard or wooden boxes in dark place, under 29C, 50-65% humidity
- all work is done under red light
- provide nesting material and pollen lump, honey solution
- hibernation done at 4-5C for up to several months
- queen can be induced to Lay eggs by anaesthetising with CO2 for 30 mins on 2 consecutive days
- put into a box supplied with an entrance, direction can be regulated
68
solitary bees
- don't produce hioney
- don't have a queen and don't live in hives
- have specialised branches hairs for pollen collection
- builds nests by drilling holes in wood, in soft mortar
- or use existing holes to build nests using different materials: mud (mason bees), leaves (leaf cutter bees)
69
mason bees
- females lay eggs and boild nests in existing holes in wood, stone or hollow stems
- use mud to divide chambers where the eggs are laid
- males and females emerge from nest in early spring to mate
- female first builds a mud partition, then collects and stores pollen nectar feed, lays eggs, finally closes with mud
- female lays up to 30 eggs during the life
- egg develops and larvae feeds on food store, grows until pupation
