Practicals Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is a honeybee colony?
A
group of individuals living together with biological, physiological and behavioural characteristics
2
Q
what is in an apiray
A
honeybee colonies hives facilities other equipment and tools either: stationary or migratory
3
Q
what are the functions of a hive
A
mechanical protection food storage reproduction overwintering performance of other physiological functiona
4
Q
types of hives
A
- hives with non-movable frames
- transition hive forms
- hives with moveable frames
5
Q
hives with non-moveable frames
A
- frames are fixed
- cheap and small
- but poor biological and technological insight in hive
6
Q
transition hive
A
- bottom board, roll build from straw, wooden plate with central hole where two frames could be inserted
7
Q
hives with moveable frames
A
- different horizontal and vertical hive types
- frames with combs are inside of hive
- extraction of pure honey
8
Q
listing hive
A
- alberti-znidarsic hive
- vertical hive
- compact box with ventilation openings
- brood compartment and queen excluder in grid form
9
Q
layens hive
A
- horizontal type
- brood nest space can be altered
- it’s heavy
10
Q
langstroth-root
A
- vertical
- two or more boxes
- suitable for modern beekeeping
- no disadvantage
11
Q
dadant-blatt
A
- vertical hive
- two or more boxes
- can increase volume of hive
- it’s not possible to use lower boxes for brood chamber
12
Q
what is a comb
A
wax portion of a colony in which eggs are laid, brood reared and honey and pollen stored
13
Q
three types of cells
A
- worker cell (5.73mm)
- drone cell (6.91mm)
- queen cell
14
Q
what are wax caps
A
- covers on cells
- above brood: rugged, porous, colour of around Comb cells, convex (worker less, drone more)
- above ripe honey: plain, sleek and glossy
15
Q
how many cells surround a cell
A
9
16
Q
what is a comb foundation
A
- artificial structure consisting of thin sheets of beeswax with the outlines of the cell bases of worker cells
17
Q
feeders
A
- automatic feeders
- feeder incorporated in hive top cover
- frame rack
- different commerce modes
sugar syrup 1:1 (1kg of sugar and 1L of water)
18
Q
how many segments are in the body (slcerites)
A
13
19
Q
what are the 3 sclerites
A
tergum (dorsal)
sternum (ventral)
pleuron (between tergum and sternum, only thorax)
20
Q
layers of exoskeleton
A
- basement membrane
- epidermis: single layer of living cells
- cuticle: end-cuticle, exocuticle and epicuticle
- skin is covered with hairs
21
Q
function of cuticle
A
- protective covering
- anchorage for muscles
- living for some internal structures
- make hard structures like mouth parts and sting
22
Q
how many pairs of legs
A
3
23
Q
parts of legs
A
coxa trochanter femur tibia tarsus (5 segments - tarsomeres) pre tarsus (claws and suction pad)
24
Q
function of legs
A
walking, cleaning of body and pollen collecting
25
front legs of workers
- base of first segment is semicircular notch containing stiff bristles forming a comb at its base on the inner side
- near to distal end of tibia is small hard flap= fibula
26
hind legs of workers
- outside of tibia is slightly concave and fringed with long, curved hairs: pollen basket/ corbicula
- distal inner side of tibia = rastellum or rake, which firinge of downwardly pointing stiff hairs
- dorsal hind side of first tarsus is auricle, which is flattened hollow on the end of basitarsus
- hairs are arranged in 10 rows - pollen brushes
27
wings
- 2 pairs, attached to 2nd and 3rd segment of thorax
- made of thin sheets of cuticle with thickened veins
- front wings are bigger and have a fold on rear edge
28
what is the cubital index
- morphometrical method for apis mellifera breed cleanliness determination
29
what is the shape of the head and the positioning
triangular shape and positioned down
30
what are the parts of the mouth
- labrum
- mandibles
- maxillae
31
what are the parts of the labium
(lower lip)
- submentum
- mentum
- tongue (glossa)
- two palpi labiales
32
proboscis is made up of
tongue, palpi labials and maxilla
33
length of proboscis
- worker 6.7mm
- drone 4mm
- queen 3.5mm
34
what are the exocrine glands linked with digestive system
- mandibular gland
- hypo-pharyngeal gland
- salivary gland
35
mandibular gland
- situated on base of upper maxillae
- developed in queens and workers
- melting of wax, role in ingestion, defence
36
hypopharyngeal gland
- developed only in workers
- young bees they produce royal jelly
- later life, produces enzymes: invertase, glucose-oxidase, diastase
37
salivary gland
- two parts: thoracic, postcerebral
- developed in larvae - than excrete yarn for built cocoon
- adults excrete alkaline saliva which moistens solid food
38
what are the parts of the digestive tract
- foregut
- mid gut
- hind gut
39
what are the parts of the fore gut
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- crop/honey stomach
40
where does the digestion take place
- mid-gut
41
what's in the hind gut
- small intestine
| - rectum
42
crop/honey stomach
reservoir for transport of nectar and water; structurally is enlarged part of oesophagus which is capable of stretching to carry heavy load
43
mid gut layers
- circular and longitudinal muscle coat
- basement membrane
- heigh cylindrical epithelial cells
- epithelial is dragged with special layer - rabhorium - modification of upper plasmatic coat
- because of excretion, it's partially disconnected and modificated in peritrophic membrane
44
tracheal system
- spiracles
- trachea
- tracheolas
- air sacs
45
spiracels
- openings
- 10 pairs situated on each of the segments
- they're equipped with valves which allow them to be partially closed at times
- surrounded by hairs; abdominal spiracles has entrance called atrium
46
trachea
- lined with cuticle, within citicular lining are thickenings made of chitin
- under microscopes like coiled springs wrapped round each tube and their function is to keep trachea open; single turn of spiral is called taenidium
47
tracheolas
blind ending
48
air sacs
thin walls allowing to expand of collapse like balloon; present in head, thorax and abdomen
49
heart
- tube, closed at the back with 5 pairs of openings along its length (Ostia)
- function is to propel haemolymph forward towards head
- made of muscles
- aorta: tubular extension of the front end of heart which passes through petiole, crosses the thorax and end with an opening behind the brain
50
functions of haemolymph
- transport, mechanical support, control of the water content of the cells
- metabolism, phagocytosis, wound healing and immunity
51
haemolymph
- plasma is colourless watery liquid carrying a number of substances dissolved in it
- haemocytes are simply cells suspended in the plasma; they are colourless and with nuclei
52
sensilla
- collective name given to the individual sense organs
| - each sensillium reacts to only one clearly defined stimulus
53
anntenae
- two long chitin tubes located on front side of head
- queen and worker = 12 segments, drone 13
- scapes, pedicels and funiculus
54
what colours can bees not see
pink and red
55
component parts of one eye can be divided
- light gathering part (Len and crystalline cone)
- sensory part - receives the light stimulus and changes it into nerve impulses
- nerve impulses are generated in each cells by the change in the rhodopsin
- brain all impulses together are interpreted
56
ocelli - simple eyes
- 3 simple eyes found at the top of the head
- drone are relocated on the front of the face
- lens: beneath them are transparent cells and below them about 800 light sensitive cells in a layer, than rhabdoms and nerve fibres
57
wax glands
- four pairs
- columnar epithelial cells lines the cavity of the bees abdomen
- below each wax gland is an area of the cuticle: wax mirror
- oenocytes produce wax
58
wax production
- components pass to columnar cells of glands and liquid pours into spaces between them
- then passes through wax mirrors which are perforated
- wax flake is extruded from the pocket
- bee removes wax flakes with its hind legs and use mandibular to mould and manipulate it
59
stings
- only females have stings
- cavity within abdomen segment 7 = sting chamber
- shaft is composed of paired lancets and single stylet
- stylet lies on dorsal side of lancets and its inner end is swollen into larger structured (bulb) which contains valves to push venom down into shaft
- venom sac holds venom and empties into bulb
- poison glands are long extension of the sac
- before sting, is used bee curves its abdomen downwards
- two sides of apparatus work alternately so that each lancet is driven down
- venom pours from venom sac into bulb and through a small gap to lancets tips
60
how many barbs does a queen have
3
61
how many barbs does a worker have
10
62
honeybee venom, contains:
mellitus (protein substance)
phospholipase A (causes pain)
hyaluronidase (attacks)
63
comb camps above healthy brood
dry, convex, porous, colour of neighbouring caps
64
unhealthy brood
- hole, perforation, unregular edges
- concave, punctured and moisture capping
- foul odour can be smell and depopulated colony
- puttered and "mosaic" dark capping
- dead, dark brown larvae mass
65
official sampling
- brood sample must be collected
| - should be wrapped in paper bag, marked and placed in cardboard box for transportation
66
official cover document
- ID number of apiary
- regulation number
- type of material and mark of sample
- suspected disease/ lab exmaination
67
microscopic examination
- slides with larvae smears
| - speciali staining
68
early diagnosis of AFB
- extracted honey
- honey from combs with brood
- adult bees
- beeswax
- debris from hive bottom board
69
disinfection and sterilisation of materials
1. scorching the wood with blowtorch
2. boiling in water solution of bleach or caustic soda
3. immersion in hot microcrystalline wax/paraffin
4. wax disinfection (125oC, 30 mins without water, pressure 1-2 bars)
70
shaking bees or shock swarm method
- just in strong colonies situated In new hives
- method consists of shaking adult bees onto new frames with wax foundations in the new hive
- the removed infected brood combs and frames must be destroyed by burning
71
european foulbrood
- suspicion - diagnosis - control and preventive measures
72
how do you control EFB
- removal of diseased brood and disinfection of apian materials
- regular queen exchange
- regular and in-time addditonal feeding
73
ascosphaera apis
- brood disease
- fluffy white mould in brood cells
- white, grey and black mummies at the entrance on the floor of hive or in capped and uncapped brood cells
- diagnosis is mainly consequence of a clinical examination
74
aspergillus spp
- brood and adult bees disease
- grey, grey-green and black mummies
- infected larvae and adult young bees
- diagnosis requires lab identifiation
- zoonosis
- infected colonies should be eliminated and equiped
75
acariosis
- tracheal mite
- suspection: weakening colony with crawling adult bees climbing
- diagnosis: lab techniques
- 300 symtpomatic bees/ 50 symptomatic bees (in container)
- VMPs for control, varroa destructor are effective against tracheal mite
76
varrosis
- varroa destructor mite
- diagnosis: qualitative and quantitive and morphological identification
- differential diagnosis: tropilaelaps spp. mites, fly braula coeca
77
samples
1. sample of live adult bees (250-300 individuals0
2. sample of capped brood
3. debris from hive bottom board
78
monitoring the varroa mite infestation rate
1. field sugar test (powdered sugar shaking method for estimation of varroa mites infestation level)
2. diagnostic treatment with one-shot VMPs against varroosis
3. monitoring natural mite fall
79
VMPs
- must be prescribed by Vets
| - not be toxic
80
organic acids
formic, oxalic and lactic acid
81
coprological examination
- in plastic container put ~ 10 adult honeybees
- add few drops of water
- crush the bees by plastic sticks
- make smear on microscopic slide
- microscope 400x
- presence determination of nosema app spores
82
tropielosis
- morphological identification and characteristics
- has 4 pairs of legs, non segmented oblong body
- haematophagous ectoparasitic mite
- parasites on immature stages of honeybees
- not able to perforate exoskeleton of adult bees
- not able to survive without honeybee brood more than 2 days
83
small hive beetle
- club shaped antennae
| - in. hive it east honey, pollen, honeybee brood, lays the eggs in irregular clusters containing 10-30 eggs
84
SHB larvae
- feeds on honey, pollen, honeybee brood
- after 10-14 days leaves the hive and tries to find place in soil to pupate
- destroys wax combs
- enzymes from their faeces induces fermentation of honey
85
SHD morphology
- 3 parts
- 3 pairs of legs
- presence of elytra which is shorter than abdo
- colour: reddish-brown
86
SHB larve
- white to cream, cephalic capsule is brown
- 3 pairs of legs on ventral side
- 2 rows of spine on dorsal side
- no pseudopods on ventral side
87
differential daiagnstic with SHB larve
larvae of warmth
