simple

Question 1

parts of the mouth

Answer 1

labarum
mandible
maxillae 
labium
proboscis

Question 2

what’s proboscis made of and length

Answer 2

tongue + palpi labiales + maxillae

worker 6.7mm, drone 4mm, queen 3.5mm

Question 3

compound eyes

Answer 3

• 2
• perceive movement, colour, patterns and polarised light
• made up of many ommatidia
• divided: light, sensory, nerve an dbrain
• hairs are present around surface edge

Question 4

simple eyes

Answer 4

• 3
• drone, relocated on the front of the fae
• lens, beneath them are transparent cells and below light sensitive cells then random and nerve fibres
• function in perception of differences in light intensity

Question 5

antenna

Answer 5

• two long chitin tubes located on front side of head
• queen + worker = 12 segments, drone = 13
• funiculus, pedicures and scapus

Question 6

exoskeleton

Answer 6

• basement membrane
• epidermis
• cuticle: endocuticle (chitin), exocuticle (chitin+scletrotin), epicuticle (sclerotin)

Question 7

front legs of workers

Answer 7

• base of 1st segment of tarsus is semi-circular notch containing stiff bristles forming a comb
• near to distal end of tibia = fibula

Question 8

parts of leg

Answer 8

coxa
trochanter
femur
tibia
tarsus
pretarsus

Question 9

wings

Answer 9

• 2 pairs attached to 2nd and 3rd segment of thorax
• made of thin cuticle, thickened veins
• hooked in flight, independent at rest
• newly hatched, veins are pumped full of haemolymph
• in flight = figure of 8 motion
• when resting, w ing can be folded over back
• queen has shorter wings than abdomen, worker same drones longer
• hind wing is smaller and more rounded

Question 10

sting

Answer 10

• only females
• cavity within abdomen segment 7
• shaft = paired lancets and 1 stylet
• stylet on dorsal side of lancets and end is swollen into bulb
• venom sac empties into bulb
• poison glands are long extensions of sac

Question 11

hind legs of workers

Answer 11

• outside of tibia is slightly concave + fringed
• pollen basket/corbicula
• distal inner of tibia is rostellumrake
• dorsal hind of 1st tarsus = auricle, teeth pointing upwards
• hairs arranged in rows of 10 on medial side of 1st (pollen brush)
• rostellum + auricle = tibia-tarsal joint (pollen press)

Question 12

acarosis

Answer 12

• tracheal mite
• affects adults
• live and reproduce mainly in large prothoracic trachea
• feeds on haemolypmh piercing through tracheal wall
• early spring

Question 13

morphology of acarosis

Answer 13

oval shape, whitish colour, 4 pairs of legs

Question 14

life cycle of acarosis

Answer 14

• female enters trachea of young bee before chitin valve solidifies
• female lays 8-20 eggs
• development takes 2 weeks
• mating takes place in trachea
• mated females leave and infest other bees
• males stay in trachea

Question 15

treatment and control of acarosis

Answer 15

• no authorised VMPs
• using volatile chemicals (formic and menthol)
• OIE listed

Question 16

chalkbrood

Answer 16

• fungal disease of capped brood
• young bee larvae are infected through ingestion of food contaminated with spores
• spores germinate in the gut, penetrate peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium, enabling mycelium to grow inside
• 1st sign - white and black mummies
• pupae are resistant, death occurs in capped stage
• dead larvae at first pale yellow, soft and covered with fluffy white mycelium

Question 17

prevention and control of chalkbrood

Answer 17

• proper ventilation
• old comb replacement
• regular requeening
• varoosis control

Question 18

stonebrood

Answer 18

• fungal disease of capped brood and adults
• zoonosis
• infection by contaminated feed or by penetration of cuticle
• mycelium grows inside > larvae tissues > larvae changes to hardened mummies > muscles and intestine of adult bees become hardened and die
• prevention: good beekeeping practice

Question 19

american foulbrood

Answer 19

• infectious and contagious, brood
• cause d by bacteria
• notifiable disease
• spores germinate into vegetative spores in larvae mid-gut
• dead larvae: without any shape, brown, ropey theads

Question 20

clinical signs of American foulbrood

Answer 20

• brood frame appeared mottled, unregular formation of capped brood
• concave, punctured and mostt capping
• dead, dark brown and larvae mass

Question 21

European foulbrood

Answer 21

• infectious and contagious
• uncapped brood
• non-spore forming bacterium
• infected larvae die - 4/5days old
• notifiable disease
• puffy with visible tracheal system

Question 22

controlling European foulbrood

Answer 22

• removing of diseased brood

- regular queen exchange

Question 23

nosemosis

Answer 23

• parasitic disease of adults
• affect epithelial cells of mid gut
• Type A and Type C

Question 24

Type C nosemosis

Answer 24

• emerging disease
• asymptomatic: induce colony wearing
• atrophy of hypo pharyngeal glands
• suppresses immunity
• no seasonal pattern
• phase 1,2,3,4 (asymptomatic, replacement, recovery and depopulation)

Question 25

chronic bee paralysis

Answer 25

``` type 1 - greater number, have bloated abdo - honeybees get out of hives in groups - trembling winds and body, ataxia - inability of flying, crawling on ground type 2 - smaller number, bees are smaller - become hairless and appear dark and shiny - crawling and body and wings trembling - with shortened abdomen - black and smaller look like flies ```

Question 26

sac brood virus

Answer 26

- infectious disease of larvae within capped brood and young adults - infected larvae fail to pupate after cell capping and die - infected adult bee changes behaviour: stops eating pollen, foragers earlier in life, secretion of royal jelly is impaired

Question 27

acute bee paralysis

Answer 27

- become pathogenic following its direct injection into honeybee haemolymph by V. destructor - clinical signs: bees walking around in groups, position of wings is abnormal, colony weakining

Question 28

salivary gland

Answer 28

* Two parts = thoracic + post cerebral * developed in larvae – excrete yarn for building cocoon * adults excrete alkaline saliva, moistening solid food

Question 29

hypopharyngeal gland

Answer 29

* Developed only in workers * Young bees (8-12days) they produce royal jelly * Later, HPG produces enzymes: invertase, glucose-oxidase (converting nectar to honey)

Question 30

alimentary

Answer 30

* Foregut (pharynx, oesophagus, crop/honey stomach, proventriculus) * Midgut (digestion place) * Hindgut (S. I, rectum)

Question 31

spiracles

Answer 31

* 10 pairs on each segment * Equipped with valves, allows them to be closed at time to prevent dehydration * Surrounded by hairs * Abdominal spiracles have entrances = atrium

Question 32

trachea

Answer 32

* Tubes leading from spiracles; join together to give two lateral trachea running down the sides of the body * Traches are lined with cuticle (chitin) * Look like coiled springed wrapped rounded * Taenidium = single turn of spiral

Question 33

air sacs

Answer 33

* Have thin walls allowing to expand or collapse | * Present in head, thorax and abdomen

Question 34

circulatory

Answer 34

* Two thin diaphragms, contain muscle fibres and their contraction in sequence * Heart is in tube, closed at back and with 5 pairs of openings (ostia) * Function = propel haemolymph forward and into aorta-pressure inside heart causes ostia to close

Question 35

wax glands

Answer 35

* 4 pairs, located within 4 sterna of 4-7 abdominal sclerites * Each pair is situated to the front of its sternum so that the sclerites overlap * Below each wax gland = wax mirror * Oenocytes = produce wax

Question 36

nervous system

Answer 36

* CNS + nerve + sense organs * Brain + sub-oesophageal ganglion + segmental ganglia (7) and ventral nerve cord * Brain divided into: 1. Optic lobes and corpora pedunculata, 2. Deutocerebrum, 3. tritocerebrum

Question 37

midgut layers

Answer 37

* Circular and longitudinal muscle coat * Basement membrane * High cylindrical epithelial cells * Epithelium is dragged with special layer – rabdhorium (linked to other cells) – modification of upper plasmatic coat (apical part) * Rabdhorium is partially disconnected and modificated in peritrophic membrane which encompassed food, acts as membrane which enables flow through digestive juices

Question 38

mandibular gland

Answer 38

* Situated on base of upper maxillae * Developed in queens and workers * Melts wax, propolis, pollen grain * Defence pheromone * Role in ingestion and comb building

Question 39

deformed wing virus

Answer 39

* Linked with high V. destructor infestations * Clinical signs: deformities * Horizontal and vertical transmission * Wings are deformed, stubby and useless, rounded and shortened abdomen with miscolouring * Colony weakened

Question 40

black queen cell virus

Answer 40

* In intensive rearing of honeybee queens * Closely associated with Nosema spp * Cells with infected larvae develop dark brown or black cell walls * Disease pre-pupa or pupae cannot develop into adult queen and die

Question 41

varroa destructor

Answer 41

* Obligatory parasitic mite * Larvae, pupae and adult honeybees * Reproduces inside the capped bee brood * Reproduces only in drone brood

Question 42

morphology of varroa destructor

Answer 42

Female morphology • Oval, flattened body, covered with hairs • Four pairs of legs, 1st pair directed forward • Brown-reddish sclerotised shield • Mouthparts (gnathostome) Male morphology • Smaller, round in shape, soft body, lightly coloured • Can only be found in capped brood • Not ablet o survive and feed on adult bees • Die inside brood soon after mating

Question 43

life cycle of V. destructor

Answer 43

Phoretic phase • Mature female mite present on adult bee Reproductive phase - Inside bee brood

Question 44

assessment of v. destructor

Answer 44

* “sugar shake” method, 250-300 bees  2 spoons of powdered sugar  shake for 1 min  leave for 3-5 min  invert and shake over a white board * Drone brood uncapping method

Question 45

control of V. destructor

Answer 45

• VMPs (except formic acid)

Question 46

small hive beetle

Answer 46

* Parasite and pest * Need early diagnosis * Life cycle is connected with soil * lays eggs in irregular clusters * Club shaped antennae * 2 pairs of winter – inner softer, outer harder (elytra) * They remove bees eggs

Question 47

small hive beetle larvae

Answer 47

* Feeds on honey, pollen honeybee brood * White to cream; cephalic capsule is brown * No pseudopods on ventral side * 1cm long, segmental body, 3 pairs of legs when it’s wandering larvae * Differential diagnosis: wax mouth

Question 48

controlling small hive beetle

Answer 48

* Coumaphos treatment | * 42- 45 days can stay in the hive

Question 49

life cycle of small hive beetle

Answer 49

Adult goes to brood  mated female comes in hive  eats everything, leaving their own brood/eggs  eggs to wandering larvae (1-014 days)  release enzymes that ferments ripe honey  liquid honey in colony  wandering larvae leave, dig the soil  don’t eat, pupa and metamorphosis in adult beetle in soil  male and female mate under soil  leave and find new hive

Question 50

tropilelosis

Answer 50

* Different shape and smaller than varroa * Use PCR to distinguish species * Not able to survive without brood in hive more than 2 days

Question 51

morphological identification of tropilelosis

Answer 51

* Oblong, non-segmented body * 4 pairs of legs, 1st pair directed as antennae * Reddish-brown colour of body

Question 52

diagnostic procedure of tropielosis

Answer 52

* Differential diagnosis: varroa, B. coeca * Collection of mites from honeybee sample + capped brood * Sample: collect mites fixed in 70% alcohol or freeze at -20C, cover document and mark * Never send live mites to lab

Question 53

hives

Answer 53

* Structure used by honeybees for home * Hives with non-moveable frames (combs) * Transition hive form (move partially) * Hives with moveable frames

Question 54

traditional hive

Answer 54

* built from different natural materials * Wax combs are fixed on internal wall of hive * Volume of hive is small * Have to use knife to remove frame * +ve: cheap, small, fast and often swarming * -ve: poor biological and technological insight, small volume and squeezed honey

Question 55

layen's hive

Answer 55

* Horizontal * +ve: brood nest space could be enlarged * -ve: heavy for transportation

Question 56

comb

Answer 56

Wax portion of colony in which eggs are laid, brood reared and honey and pollen stored. 3 types of cells: worker, drone and queen

Question 57

caps above brood

Answer 57

dry, porous, colour of around comb cells, convex (worker less, drone more)

Question 58

caps above ripe honey

Answer 58

plain, sleek, glossy

Question 59

comb foundation

Answer 59

* Artificial structure - thin sheets of beeswax with outlines of cell bases * Bees then construct a complete comb * Combs wired or unwired * Take 30-35% of combs each year and melt them and dark = old

Question 60

langstroth-root hive

Answer 60

* Vertical * Two or more boxes * +ve: all parts are standard construction, suitable for modern beekeeping, possibility for volume increasing * no disadvantages

Question 61

listing hive- alberti-znidarsic hive

Answer 61

* Vertical * Compact box with ventilation opening * Brood compartment and separated by queen excluder in grid form * +ve: successful colony overwintering * -ve: impossibility for volume increase, expensive and complex construction

Question 62

dadant-blatt

Answer 62

* vertical * two or more boxes * +ve: volume of hive is possible to increase by adding boxes * -ve: different heights of hive, compartments aren’t possible to use lower boxes for brood chamber

Question 63

sterilisation of wax

Answer 63

120-125C under pressure of 1-2 bars without adding water and minimum 30 minutes Liquid wax is cooled down on hexagonal sheets and will form the comb formation

Question 64

trophallaxis

Answer 64

* One worker begs for food, other offers * Begging bee pushes proboscis towards mouth of another, open mandible and push proboscis forward and regurgitates * Bee makes contact their antennae also touch

Question 65

pheromones

Answer 65

* Continuous information flow between individuals * Produced in exocrine gland * Substances that are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species * Nasonov and alarm pheromones

Question 66

round dance

Answer 66

Used when there’s source of food near hive

Question 67

dorso ventral abdo dance

Answer 67

Used when more foragers need to be recruited during nectar flow

Question 68

piping

Answer 68

Associated with queens around the swarming; vibration sounds generated by queen; still closed in queen cell or free in hive

Question 69

queen reproduction

Answer 69

Ovaries, oviduct, spermatheca, poison gland and venom sac

Question 70

drone reproduction

Answer 70

2 testis, mucus gland, seminal vesicles, endophalus

Question 71

mating "wedding flight:

Answer 71

* Spring, early summer * Queen mating mood = going out of hive (3-6days of life) * Mating (6-10 days) * Drone mating mood (after 10 days) * Queens fly to drone congregation area * Drone approaches queen from behind, everts endophalus into open cloaca * Flips over backwards and endophalus breaks off, inside queen, drones fall * After 48-64hrs moves into spermatheca

Question 72

swarming

Answer 72

1. Developing of drone brood 2. Start of building queen cells (10-20) 3. Queen is on diet by reducing food supply, egg laying reduces 4. Swarming about 7-8 days before 1st new queen emerge 5. Next 24 days collect swarm and move into new hive

Question 73

figure of 8 dance

Answer 73

Forage is >100m away from hive, bee buzzes its wings and rapidly shakes its abdomen from side to side, it’s performed on vertical face of comb (direction of sun) Distance is also communicated by length of straight run

Question 74

suspicion of intoxication

Answer 74

* Absence of major infectious disease * Symptoms in most hives * Clinical signs: neurological issue, population decrease, lack brood, bee mortality

Question 75

sample for intoxication

Answer 75

• Sample of symptomatic/freshly dead adult honeybees per apiary • Min 500 honeybees or individual sample from each hive 50g, • Packed in marked paper bag + plastic bag • Storage -20C Individual sample for diseases examination (60 adult bees, packed and marked and cover document)

Question 76

hard acaphicides

Answer 76

* Amitraz, flumethrin, apistan * Strips * Chronic treatment

Question 77

coumphaos

Answer 77

* Organophosphate | * Strips for 6 weeks

Question 78

intoxication outcomes

Answer 78

Acute • Death after single exposure • Intoxication symptoms • Pyrethroids rapidly induce neurotoxicity in adult bees • Organophosphorus components cause hyperexcitable and irritable behaviour Sublethal • Individuals survive after intoxication and transfer to brood, house and queen • Poisoning with neonicotinoids impair: cognitive, thermoregulation + immune Chronic • After chronically exposure to chemicals and their residues Symptoms • Disorientation, paralysis, regurgitation and diarrhoea

Question 79

soft acphacides

Answer 79

* Thymol * Under 30C, otherwise toxic (15-30C) * Best 20-25C

Question 80

EU legislative framework on pesticides

Answer 80

* Sustainable use of pesticides * Establishing maximum residue levels of pesticide * Collection of statistics * Technical requirement for machinery