Final

Question 1

What happens to chromosomes during prophase

Answer 1

chromosomes condense

Question 2

What happens during prometaphase

Answer 2

nucleus envelope breaks down

Question 3

What happens to chromosomes during metaphase

Answer 3

Chromosomes migrate to the middle

Question 4

What happens to chromosomes during anaphase

Answer 4

Chromosomes move apart

Question 5

What happens to chromosomes during telophase

Answer 5

chromosomes decondense

Question 6

What happens during meiosis I, include DNA status

Answer 6

Homologous chromosomes separate
Replicated -> replicated

Question 7

What happens during meiosis II, include DNA status

Answer 7

Sister chromatids separate
Replicated -> unreplicated

Question 8

What are regulatory sequences

Answer 8

proteins that bind to sequences of DNA and regulate txn

Question 9

What is a silent mutation

Answer 9

Change in nucleotide that doesn’t affect final amino acid sequence

Question 10

What is a missense mutation

Answer 10

Results in a change in AA sequence

Question 11

What is a nonsense mutation

Answer 11

Point mutation that leads to the formation of a stop codon, leading to truncation (shortening) of polypeptide chain

Question 12

What is a frameshift mutation

Answer 12

Insertion/deletion that leads to change in reading frame

Question 13

Can lipid soluble ligands pass through the membrane, and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 13

They can pass through, and they are hydrophobic

Question 14

What do lipid soluble ligands bind to

Answer 14

They bind to intracellular receptors

Question 15

Can lipid insoluble ligands pass through the membrane, and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilicn

Answer 15

They can’t pass through, they are hydrophilic

Question 16

How to lipid insoluble ligands get messages to inside of the cell

Answer 16

They need receptor, use transmembrane protein to relay signal to inside of the protein

Question 17

How do lipid insoluble ligands get messages to the inside of the cell

Answer 17

They need receptors and use transmembrane proteins to relay signals to the inside of the protein

Question 18

What do extracellular receptors bind to

Answer 18

ligands

Question 19

What do intracellular receptors do

Answer 19

Activate other proteins in the cell

Question 20

Function of tight junctions

Answer 20

Form waterproof seals

Question 21

What are the 4 types of direct cell attachments

Answer 21

Tight junctions, gap junctions, plasmodesmata, desmosomes

Question 22

Function of desmosomes

Answer 22

very strong and large

transmembrane proteins interact with anchoring proteins and connect to intermediate filaments

Question 23

The function of gap junctions

Answer 23

Allow cells to communicate and coordinate. Direct signaling happens through these

Question 24

Plasmodesmata function

Answer 24

transport water and nutrients between cells

Question 25

What kind of protein allows for indirect cell attachments in animals

Answer 25

intergrins

Question 26

What is kinase

Answer 26

an enzyme that catalyzed the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specific molecule

Question 27

Proteins synthesized in the ER are destined for ___

Answer 27

secretion

Question 28

Proteins need a __ in order to be synthesized in the ER

Answer 28

signal sequence

Question 29

____ is found in all proteins that go to the nucleus

Answer 29

Nuclear Localization Signal

Question 30

Nuclear Localization signal have a ____ charge

Answer 30

positive

Question 31

_____ binds to NLS sequences on the cargo protein

Answer 31

importin

Question 32

What charge does importin have

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

what kind of bond facilitates the binding of importin and NLS

Answer 33

ionic bonds

Question 34

Describe the process of proteins moving through endomembrane system

Answer 34

Tln starts on free ribosomes, SRP recognized ER signal sequences, translation onto rough ER, vesicle transport to golgi, vesicle transport to membrane, secretion outside of the cell

Question 35

Function of actin

Answer 35

Cell shape, muscle contraction, cytokinesis

Question 36

What motor protein is used in actin and what is its function

Answer 36

myosin, used for muscle contractions

Question 37

Intermediate filament function

Answer 37

very stable, provides structure

Question 38

What organelle are intermediate filaments important for

Answer 38

Nuclear envelope

Question 39

Structure of intermediate filaments

Answer 39

Coiled homodimers wound into rope like structure

Question 40

Intermediate filaments structure

Answer 40

coiled homodimers wound into rope like structure

Question 41

Microtubules function

Answer 41

cell movement, chromosome movement, cell plate formation

Question 42

Microtubules structure

Answer 42

heterodimers arrange to form tubes

Question 43

Microtubule motor proteins and their direction

Answer 43

Kinesis (towards positive end) Pyneins (towards negative end)

Question 44

Characteristics of hydrophilic amino acids and examples

Answer 44

Anything polar with a charge Amine, carboxyl, phosphate, amide, hydroxyl

Question 45

Characteristics of hydrophobic amino acids and examples

Answer 45

Nonpolar Sulfhydryl, methyl, anything with all C, S, H

Question 46

Compare and contrast DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 46

Prokaryotes: one point of origin, occurs in 2 opposing directions, occurs in cytoplasm, fewer types of polymerase, a lot faster, continuous, circular chromosomes, no ends to synthesize Eukaryotes: multiple points of origin, unidirectional, occurs in nucleus, many polymerase types (alpha, beta...), only in S phase, special process for telomeres at the end of chromosomes

Question 47

What do activators bind to in eukaryotes

Answer 47

Enhancers

Question 48

What do repressors bind to

Answer 48

Silencers

Question 49

Which point of gene expression will cause the most rapid change in a protein that controls a particular trait?

Answer 49

Post-translational regulation

Question 50

What is the "first" step in eukaryotic gene regulation

Answer 50

chromatin remodeling

Question 51

What are the two types of chromatin remodeling, and which increases/decrease txn/gene expression

Answer 51

DNA methylation decrease txn histone acetylation increase txn