Midterm 1

Question 1

The ATP in the energy investment phases are used to

Answer 1

Phosphorylate glucose to raise its free energy

Question 2

The ATP in the energy investment phases are used to

Answer 2

Turn an endergonic reaction into an exergonic reaction

Question 3

In the overall glycolysis reaction, the carbons in glucose are:

Answer 3

Oxidized to pyruvate

Question 4

In the overall glycolysis reaction, how are electron carriers used?

Answer 4

NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Question 5

How many molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose?

Answer 5

Two molecules of pyruvate

Question 6

What is the flow of energy in the electron transport chain?

Answer 6

Chemical energy of reduced electron carriers to potential energy of a proton gradient

Question 7

What is the involvement of electron carriers in the electron transport chain?

Answer 7

Reduced electron carriers donate their electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 8

What is the direct flow of energy for ATP synthesis?

Answer 8

Potential energy of the proton gradient is transformed to kinetic energy of ATP synthase

Question 9

What contributes to the proton gradient of the ETC

Answer 9

Only the large protein complexes directly contribute to the proton gradient

Question 10

Which contributes more to the proton gradient of the ETC, NADH or FADH2

Answer 10

NADH contributes more to the proton gradient than FADH2

Question 11

Which part of the mitochondria has the lowest pH

Answer 11

Intermembrane space

Question 12

What is the location and role of ATP synthase

Answer 12

ATP synthase is present on the inner mitochondrial membrane and allows protons to flow into the mitochondrial matrix

Question 13

What is the primary electron carrier in photosynthesis

Answer 13

In photosynthesis, the primary electron carrier is NADP+

Question 14

What are the products in the light-dependent reactions that are used in the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?

Answer 14

ATP and NADPH

Question 15

In photosynthesis carbon dioxide is _____________ to carbohydrates, and water is _________ to oxygen.

Answer 15

Reduced, oxidized

Question 16

Are condensation reactions more likely to be used in catabolic reactions or anabolic reactions?

Answer 16

Anabolic reactions because in anabolic reactions large molecules are being combined.

Question 17

Is cell respiration catabolic or anabolic

Answer 17

Catabolic

Question 18

Is cell respiration exergonic or endergonic

Answer 18

Exergonic

Question 19

What are the 4 processes that make up cellular respiration

Answer 19

Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle, ETC

Question 20

Where and what is glycolysis

Answer 20

in the cytosol, it breaks down glucose into pyruvate

Question 21

Where and what is pyruvate processing

Answer 21

in the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate converted into acetylCoA

Question 22

Where and what is citric acid cycle

Answer 22

in the mitochondrial matrix, releases carbon as CO2 and produces ATP and reduces electron carriers

Question 23

Where and what is ETC

Answer 23

in inner-membrane space, converts reduced electron carriers into ATP

Question 24

Which cell respiration process is the first stage that carbons from glucose are lost as CO2

Answer 24

Pyruvate processing

Question 25

What is the overall reaction for glycolysis?

Answer 25

Glucose + 2 NAD+ —> Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Question 26

In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to...

Answer 26

pyruvate

Question 27

In glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced to...

Answer 27

NADH

Question 28

Pyruvate is a metabolite from the breakdown of glucose. Based on its molecular structure, is it still considered a sugar?

Answer 28

It is not considered a sugar, because it doesn’t match the CH2O formula

Question 29

What is meant by the “energy investment” phase

Answer 29

The energy investment phase is when 2 ATP are used up

Question 30

What is meant by the “energy pay-off” phase

Answer 30

he energy pay off phase is when 4 ATP are produced

Question 31

What are the 2 investment ATPs used for? Think back to how ATP helps endergonic reactions become exergonic.

Answer 31

It provides the energy to phosphorylate glucose. This increases the free energy, allowing for the reaction to occur. This is how it’s exergonic, because more free energy means it’s able to occur spontaneously.

Question 32

What is the overall reaction for glycolysis?

Answer 32

Glucose + 2 ATP + 2P + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ —> 2 H20 + 4ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 pyruvate

Question 33

Glucose is a ____-carbon sugar that gets broken down to ____ molecules of pyruvate, which is a ___-carbon molecule. This process produces ____ net ATP and ____ NADH.

Answer 33

6 carbon, 2 molecules, 3 carbon, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 34

Bacteria and Archaea don’t have mitochondria. Where do pyruvate processing and the citric acid cycle occur in these cells?

Answer 34

The cytosol

Question 35

What are the inputs and outputs of pyruvate processing

Answer 35

Pyruvate gets broken down into CO2 and a 2 carbon molecule. NAD+ reduced to NADH, 2 carbons that are left over get activated with acetylcoA to enter citric acid cycle

Question 36

Pyruvate is (oxidized/reduced) to acetylCoA (before/after) it is shuttled into the mitochondrial (intermembrane space/matrix). This results in the production of ____ carbon dioxide and ____ NADH per molecule of glucose

Answer 36

Oxidized, after, matrix, 2, 2

Question 37

What are the products of the citric acid cycle for an entire molecule of glucose? (hint: how many acetyl-coA molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose?)

Answer 37

2 molecules of acetyl-coA; this means every type of product can be multiplied by two 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP or GTP, 4 CO2

Question 38

AcetylCoA is a ___-carbon molecule that combines with a ___-carbon molecule to form a ____-carbon molecule to enter the citric acid cycle. This molecule is (oxidized/reduced) as the citric acid cycle progresses.

Answer 38

2, 4, 6, oxidized

Question 39

True or False? By the end of the Citric Acid Cycle, glucose has been completely oxidized to carbon dioxide.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

As the citric acid cycle progresses, electron carriers are (oxidized/reduced) and carbons from glucose are further (oxidized/reduced).

Answer 40

reduced, oxidized

Question 41

What is the overall input and outputs of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 41

Entrance Acetyl CoA -> 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP

Question 42

Which complexes are proton pumps?

Answer 42

I, III, IV

Question 43

As the result of these proton pumps, where is the high concentration of protons located vs. the low concentration?

Answer 43

High concentration of protons are inside the intermembrane space

Question 44

How does the pH of the intermembrane space compare with that of the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 44

The inter membrane space has a lower pH

Question 45

What is the purpose of ubiquinone and cytochrome C? How do they differ?

Answer 45

They act as electron carriers between inter membrane complexes, but Q carries a proton to add to the proton gradient

Question 46

The electrons travel through the complexes and electron carriers. Where do the electrons come from? Where do the electrons end up at the end? In other words, what are the electron donors and the final electron acceptor?

Answer 46

The electrons come from NADH and FADH2 which are the electron donors. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Question 47

In the overall cell respiration equation, the O in H2O is derived from (O2/glucose).

Answer 47

O2

Question 48

ATP Synthase uses the (potential/kinetic) energy of a proton gradient and transforms it into (potential/kinetic) energy of the enzyme to drive production of ATP. ATP then holds that energy in (potential/kinetic) energy within its bonds, often referred to as chemical energy

Answer 48

potential kinetic potential

Question 49

What is the purpose of fermentation

Answer 49

To replenish NAD+ stores

Question 50

What is the redox reaction in lactic acid fermentation

Answer 50

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate and NADH is oxidized to NAD+

Question 51

Which cell respiration process gets jammed up in an anaerobic environment?

Answer 51

Electron transport chain

Question 52

In an anaerobic environment, would pyruvate processing continue

Answer 52

No

Question 53

Which stages of cellular respiration are anaerobic

Answer 53

Glycolysis and pyruvate processing

Question 54

Which stages of cellular respiration are only aerobic

Answer 54

Citric acid cycle and ETC

Question 55

Overall reaction for ETC

Answer 55

NADH + FADH2 + ADP + O2 --> NAD+ + ATP + FAD + H20

Question 56

Overall citric acid reaction

Answer 56

Acetyl CoA --> 3NADH + FADH + ATP + 2 CO2

Question 57

How many CO2 molecules make 1 G3P

Answer 57

3

Question 58

How many cycles of Calvin cycle does it take to make 1 glucose

Answer 58

6

Question 59

Is reduction endergonic or exergonic

Answer 59

endergonic

Question 60

What is the final electron acceptor in ETC

Answer 60

O2, and when it combines with electrons it becomes H2O