final Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
norms
A
social expectations that guide behavior and interxn
2
Q
folkways
A
- customs of daily basis
- no serious consequence for violation
3
Q
mores
A
- widely observed social norms
- highly regulated
- greater moral significance than folkways
4
Q
deviance
A
- violation of established norms
- social construction
- definition varies over time and culture
5
Q
formal social control
A
- gives specific people responsibility of enforcing norms using specific methods
6
Q
informal social control
A
- social control exercised by regular people
- works by need for approval, guilt and shame as motivators
7
Q
identity as deviance
A
people’s identity being deviant results in mistreatment
- excluding them in infrastructure
- societal rules representing dominant group
8
Q
crime
A
act formally banned by law
9
Q
criminology
A
scientific approach to study of crime
10
Q
crime vs deviance
A
crime is designated to have formal intervention, deviance involves violation of social norms that may or may not have formal intervention attached
11
Q
victimless crimes
A
no direct suffering to people other than criminal (possession of drugs, gambling)
12
Q
crime funnel
A
only a small fraction of all law-breaking behaviors is reported hence less are punished
13
Q
under reporting of sexual assaults
A
victims fear humiliation
14
Q
property vs violent crimes
A
property outnumbers violent crimes
15
Q
panopticon
A
- jeremy bentham designed it
- jail in circular formation
- people think they’re always being watched
- inmates can’t see into tower (can’t see who’s looking)
16
Q
panopticon and plato’s ring of geiges
A
- if you put this ring on no one will know your crime (would you put it on) similar to panopticon
17
Q
panopticon and social media
A
-always a record of something
- participatory surveillance
18
Q
michel foucault
A
- expanded idea of panopticon into symbol of social control
- social citizens internalize authority (prevailing norms)
- people tend to obey (even in the instance of no consequences (red light)) because the rules become self imposed
19
Q
early theories of crime
A
- 1600: supernatural causes (church has role of authority and police)
- 1770-1800: crime is a result of conscious choice
20
Q
rational choice theory
A
crime is a result of conscious choice
- punishment should be greater than the crime to reduce likelihood of recidivism
21
Q
positivism
A
physical features of criminals (applying scientific method) associated with biological determinism
22
Q
biological determinism
A
features distinguishing criminals from non-criminals
23
Q
Cesare Lombroso
A
- argued criminals had animalisitic skeletal features (biology compelled them to life of crime)
24
Q
william sheldon
A
- 1940s
- endomorphs: slower metabolism
- ectomorphs: thin and introverted
- mesomorphs: aggressive, muscular, crime
25
functionalism and crime
- industrial societies = more deviance
- modern societies lack traditional order and values
- rapid social change increases crime and instability
- strain theory
26
strain theory
- anomie b/w culturally approved goals and means to achieve (lacking means leads to deviance)
- Merton
- deviance lies in unequal opportunity in society
27
5 adaptation to anomie
- conformity: follow rules, hope they get rich but know they won't
- ritualism: conform, no hope for success
- retreatism: give up cause they won't reach goal
- rebellion: reject norms, seek new goals and means
- innovation: use socially unacceptable means (crime) to achieve socially accepted goals
28
conflict theory and crime
- binary power model
- deviance is a way of imposing and justifying control by the powerful
- laws favoring some but not others?
- criminogenic env't is created by gov't
- white collar crimes are punished more leniently than others
29
symbolic interxn and crime
- effect of social control on deviant people
- deviance is socially defined
- why people are labelled as deviant
- labelling theory
- deviance as master status
- stigmatization
30
labelling theory
- people behave and identify in ways reflective of how others have labelled them (standford prison expt)
31
SI and crime: stigma
- mark of shame
- discredit
- labelling and stigma doesnt necesarily lead to deviant identity/career
32
feminism and crime
- how crime differs in gender
- change laws around crimes mostly perpetrated against women
33
env'tal issues affecting class
disproportionally affects lower class
34
demography
scientific study of size, structure, distribution, growth of world pop
35
social demography
effects of pop on organization of societies
36
functionalism and pop
- malthus: rapid pop change is dangerous, pop is growing faster than food, bith rates must be regulated
- birth and death rates work together to keep pop stable
- 4 stages of demographic transition
37
4 stages of demographic transition
- anti-malthusian
- 1: birth and death rates are high
- 2: death rates slow, birth stays high
- 3: birth rates slow to match death
- 4: birth rates decline (pop shrinkage)
- fertility rate may be evidence that this is correct (declining fertility rate)
38
feminism and pop
- women need equal access to education, birth control
- empowering women is how we ensure no overpop
39
SI and pop
- how stages of demographic transition play out it individual lives
- individual choices lead to larger systemic trends
40
conflict theory and pop
- pop dynamics changing results in inequalities in resources (leading to global conflict)
41
baby boom
- biggest pop change in canada related to birth and fertility rate
- end of WW2 and great depression
42
cohorts
- baby boomers: 1944-1965
- gen X: 1966-1971
- millenial: 1972-1992
- gen Z: 1993-2011
43
problem in cohorts
baby boomers are aging and require more help than smaller cohorts can provide
44
mortality rate and SES
- people live longer in rich regions of rich countries
- ^ unemployment and ^ night shifts = ^ mortality
45
push factors
encourage people to leave an area
46
pull factors
encourage people to move to an area
47
ethnic enclaves
areas where minority groups settle
- cultural comfort
- isolation from larger community
48
ecological footprint
measures pop needs relative to earth's capacity to support those needs
49
consumption
necessities and luxuries requires extraction of natural resources (and waste)
50
water
- not equally available and concerning amount left
51
functionalism and env't
- how climate change will disrupt social systems (imbalance)
- higher temp = more power demand = outages in other aspects
52
conflict theory and env't
- climate change refugees are more likely to come from poor and vulnerable pop
- capitalism is a driving force due to unsustainable industrialism
- treadmill of production: capitalism drives decision making
53
feminism and env't
- ecofeminism: dominance of nature and exploitation of women (men have feminized nature)
54
SI and env't
- how we perceive climate change and its results
- rich countries see it as a problem that doesn't affect them
55
social mvmts and health practices
- following powerful people
56
health
state of complete well-being
57
illness
period of impaired or abnormal functioning (not result of physical trauma)
58
social determinants of health
factors influenced by societal distribution of wealth and resources
59
income inequality
- low income = more illness and younger deaths, less likely to see doctor, lower oral health
- greater social inequality = risk of premature death for all members (increased stress, insecurity)
60
indigenous people health
higher:
- infant/ child mortality
- maternal morbidity and mortality
- malnutrition
- substance use
- obesity, diabetes
- env'tal contamination
colonial policies isolate indigenous communities (limit their access to services and supplies)
61
healthy immigrant effect
often start being healthier than average canadian due to immigration testing (following generations have declining health)
62
immigrant status and health
- more likely to have to use MH treatment
- lower life expectancy
63
women and health
- women are more proactive with healthcare
- women live longer (more aging problems)
- not much research on women
- more abuse
- rising alcoholism
64
men and health
- less proactive
- less likely to seek treatment
- more suicide
- dangerous jobs
65
non-binary and trans and health
- more bullying
- less medically trained to deal w them
- treatment not designed for them
66
social epidemiology
effects of social-structural factors on health distribution
67
incidence
new cases of illness over a period
68
prevalence
total # cases
69
morbidity
prevalence and disease pattern
70
mortality
incidence and death patten
71
functionalism and health
- sickness must be controlled bc we cant fulfill roles
- sick role
72
sick role
- must seek help
- must try to get better
- exempt from normal role
- not responsible for getting sick
73
conflict and health
medicine is an institution of social control
- medicalization
- health is a commodity for the rich
74
SI and health
illness as a master status, doctors as gatekeepers of the sick role
75
feminism and health
medicalization of womens bodies (reproductive capacity overshadows diverse health issues)
76
canadian healthcare system
free healthcare 1950s
- universal, accessible, comprehensive, portable, publicly administered
77
current issues in healthcare
high costs, long wait times, MH access
78
medical marijuana
alleviate pain, mood, memory issues
79
medically assisted death
legal, but some hosptial and long term care homes dont allow it
80
opioid crisis
most ODs are accidental
