midterm 1 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
sociology
A
scientific study of human society and social behavior
2
Q
society
A
largest scale social structure
3
Q
macrosociology
A
society, large scale institutions and large groups
4
Q
microsociology
A
small groups and individual social interactions
5
Q
charles wright mills
A
- coined “sociological imagination”
- people and society are deeply linked, can’t understand one without the other
6
Q
sociological imagination
A
a vivid awareness of the relationship between a personal experience and the wider society
- groups we belong to help shape our individual behavior
7
Q
peter berger
A
- sociological perspective
- seeing general in the particular
- seeing strange in the familiar
8
Q
agency
A
ability to make free, independent decisions
9
Q
social structure
A
organized pattern of social relationships in society
(doesn’t necessarily restrict agency but influences opportunity and resources)
10
Q
scientific method
A
creation of a hypothesis through systematic observation and measurement
11
Q
objectivity
A
lack of bias, prejudice or judgement
12
Q
is sociology a science
A
tend to study the social world through objective and subjective means, must be aware of own biases
13
Q
father of sociology
A
Auguste Comte
- named sociology (1838)
- believed that systematic study of human behavior could improve society
14
Q
Harriet Martineau
A
- translated comte’s work into English
- argued that we should study society to benefit it
15
Q
Herbert Spencer
A
- sought to understand society, not change it
- applied evolutionary theory to society
16
Q
Emile Durkheim big ideas
A
- division of labor
- more social cohesion= less suicide
- elementary forms of religious life
17
Q
Karl Marx
A
- critique of capitalism
- 6 things to destroy capitalism (high worker alienation, high class divide, labor or surplus theory of value, declining profit, fetishism of commodities, working class antagonism)
18
Q
Max Weber
A
- protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism
- trust in capital is very important
19
Q
WEB DuBois
A
- study of structural racism as a significant social constraint
- chicago school of thought
- double consciousness: identity is divided in to separate parts (how you see yourself and how others see you)
20
Q
chicago school of thought
A
- microsociology
- individual interpretation of human interaction
- symbolic interactionists
21
Q
canadian sociologists
A
- Harold Innis
- John porter
- Jim Curtis
- Wendy Chan
- Rinaldo Walcott
- Kate bezanson
22
Q
Harold Innis
A
- political economy
- relationships b/w individual and society, market and state
23
Q
John Porter
A
- inequality in canada (race, gender, social class)
24
Q
common sense
A
knowledge we get from life experiences/conversations
25
fake news
misinformation being spread as authentic
26
theory
set of propositions intended to explain social phenomena
27
Robert Putnam
more television watching = less civil involvement
28
Paul Lazarsfeld
- people don't blindly follow, they are able to decide for themselves
- 2 step flow model: uses palatable opinions for the public, gets opinioned leader to steer beliefs
29
Functionalism
- social stability
- society as interconnected parts
- Talcott Parsons
- Robert Merton
- Emile Durkheim
30
Talcott parsons
- translated Weber's text to english
- society tends towards balance, one part doesn't change without other parts adjusting
31
Robert Merton
- manifest functions: intended outcomes of a social institution
- latent functions: unintended (less visible) outcomes
- dysfunctions: system not functioning properly
32
functionalism: Emile Durkheim
- rapid social change affects stability
- complex societies = less in common
- anomie: normlessness
33
conflict theory
- assumes social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict b/w competing groups over scarce resources
- life as a continuous power struggle
- society is organized around social inequalities (bourgeoisie vs proletariat)
- Karl Marx: capitalist mode of production is problematic
^ class consciousness
34
class consciousness
recognizing their own exploitation could overthrow the owners
35
symbolic interactionism
- people create meaning through interxn
- microsociological perspective
- Erving Goffman
- George Herbert Mead
36
Erving Goffman
- backstage interxn: fully yourself in absence of expectations and norms
- frontstage interxn: expectations and norms dictate behavior
- shakesperian explanation
37
George Herbert Mead
- develop sense of self through watching others react to us (significant others)
- I: unsocialized self (impulsive, creative, spontaneous
- Me: socialized by others (reflects values and norms)
38
Feminism
- focus on gender inequality and patriarchical dominance
- Dorothy Smith
- 1st wave: some women can vote
- 2nd wave: wider social equality, treated women as a group with common experiences
- 3rd wave: all women's voices are different
39
Dorothy Smith
- standpoint: knowledge stems from social position
40
bell hooks
intersectionality: a woman's oppression is unique to her particular circumstances
- race and gender impact lives
41
unobtrusive measures
measures unaffected by respondent participation
42
validity
accurately measuring a concept
43
reliability
consistent results
44
culture
shared set of influences (beliefs, rules, values, behaviors, language, objects)
45
sanctions
rewards for sticking to a norm, punishment for violating it
46
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language shapes reality
47
cultural universals
practices found in every culture
- language, sport, gifts, religion, laws, music
48
innovation
- existing cultural items are manipulated to produce smth new and socially valuable
49
diffusion
- spread of cultural items of practices from one group to another
- globalization
50
subculture
shares elements of dominant culture but also has its own distinctive values and norms
51
countercultures
rejects conventional norms and values and adopts alternatives
52
culture shock
feeling of disorientation experienced when encountering unfamiliar cultural practices (psychological anomie)
53
ethnocentrism
evaluating cultures based on own cultural lens
54
cultural relativism
understanding a culture on its own terms
55
xenocentrism
everything about another culture is superior to one's own
56
canadian culture
- multiculturalism
- not a strong sense of unified culture
57
functionalism views on culture
- cultural practices contribute to social stability
- allows people to understand one another to work towards common goals
58
conflict theory views on culture
- culture maintains privilege of certain groups
- culture reflects dominant ideology of society (assimilation of oppressed groups)
59
symbolic interactionist views on culture
- how culture is maintained through face to face interactions
- perpetuated through daily interxns (define norms and values)
60
feminism views on culture
- aspects perpetuate inequality
- may reinforce gender roles
- reflects societal views of men and women
61
socialization
social learning through interxn and become a functional member of society
62
biological determinism
- behavior is defined by genetic makeup
- behavior evolves over time to secure survival of species
63
nurture argument
- we are products of our environment
- social env't is key to behavior
64
primary socialization
- learning that occurs in child's earliest years
- family settings
65
secondary socialization
- ongoing and lifelong process of socialization
- less effect on dev't and self image
66
functionalism on socialization
- essential in establishing and internalizing norms, values, rules
- teaches social integration
- babies are blank slates
67
conflict theory and socialization
- about power and control
- teaches people their place in society
- ignore structural factors
68
feminism and socialization
- structures of patriarchy
- learning sex appropriate behaviour
69
symbolic interactionist and socialization
- modify sense of self through interxns
70
george herbert mead and socialization
SI
- prepatory stage: imitation
- play stage: begins to take on roles
- game stage: understands position in social group
71
charles horton cooley and socialization
SI
- looking glass self: sense of oneself comes from interpreting what others think of us
72
Freud
Id: impulses, ego: balance, superego: conservative
73
Jean Piaget
sensorimotor, preoperational, operational, formal operational stages of dev't
74
agents of socialization
things that influence our daily lives helping us becomes functioning members of society (family is most important)
75
schools hidden curriculum
informal rules about our place in society, evaluation, peers
76
resocialization
unlearning previous socialization and relearning a new one in a new situation
77
total institutions
places where people are monitored 24/7 (massive resocialization)
78
status
- defined social position in social system
- less tangible than class ($)
79
master status
status that dominates the others, may shift depending on context
80
ascribed status
assigned at birth
81
achieved status
work towards (may be constrained by ascribed status)
82
social scripts
culturally constructed and enforced practices built on norms
83
role conflict
demands of 2 of your roles conflict (teacher and wife)
84
role strain
one of your statuses has conflicting demands (wanna be smart but not a know-it-all)
85
role exit
leaving a role
86
primary group
small intimate group (more socialization)
87
secondary group
formal and impersonal group
88
ingroup
group which you belong
89
outgroup
different group or don't belong in
90
reference group
group we use to compare ourselves to (standard for behaviour)
91
coalition
groups working together for common goals
92
social networks
connections in different social circles
93
social institutions
persistent behavioral and relationship patterns in society (regulate behaviour)
94
functionalism and social structure
- emile durkheim
- max weber
95
emile durkheim and social structure
- mechanical solidarity: agricultural, collective wellbeing, families are self-reliant, minimal division of labor
- organic solidarity: industrial, division of labor, interdependence, not self-sufficient
96
max weber and social structure
- gemeinschaft: communal forms of solidarity, shared past
- Gesellschaft: solidarity built on contracts, markets, not based in emotion or shared past, individuality/ competition
97
conflict theory and social structure
- social institutions meet basic needs
- critique efficiency and desirability
- maintain privilege of powerful people
98
symbolic interactionists and social structure
- daily interxns create social structure
99
feminism and social structure
- gendered
- can become a disadvantage to some
100
organizations
large secondary groups that have a collective goal
101
formal organizations
deliberately planned group to achieve goal
102
bureaucracy
formal organizations that thrive in both public and private sector
- can be slow to change, rigid rules can be inefficient
103
max weber's ideal bureaucracy
- division of labor produced to maximize efficiency
- hierarchy or positions
- rules are clear and written
- roles are carried out without personal considerations
- positions are filled based on qualifications and merit
104
McDonalization
principles of fast food dominate organizations
- efficiency
- predictability
- calculability (quantity over quality)
- control (non-human tech)
