midterm 2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
social stratification
A
hierarchical arrangement of individuals (based on wealth, power, prestige)
2
Q
meritocracy
A
system based on achievement not status (Canada though we have limitations)
3
Q
Gini coefficient
A
0= no inequality
1= absolute inequality
4
Q
class system of stratification
A
social ranking based on economic position (capitalist)
5
Q
slavery system of stratification
A
ownership of people, today is human trafficking
6
Q
caste system of stratification
A
caste systems are based on division of labor, ascribed at birth, completely closed system
7
Q
caste groups
A
brahmin= scholars and priests
kshatriya= warriors
vaisya= merchants and artists
sudra= service people
dalits= untouchables
8
Q
clan system of stratification
A
individuals connected through bloodline networks, lifelong allegiance, each member share common status
9
Q
social stratification and functionalism
A
davis moore hypothesis:
- societies require many different roles to be filled
- positions vary in social importance, education and training therefore determining varying rewards
doesnt account for non-occupational inequalities
occurs in all societies so it must serve a purpose
10
Q
social stratification and conflict theory
A
- who benefits from the social system
- karl marx
- max weber
11
Q
karl marx and social stratification
A
- inequalities in capitalism
- false consciousness: believe if the proletariats work hard enough they’ll be part of the bourgeoisie
12
Q
max weber and stratification
A
- focused on wealth and status (can have one without the other)
13
Q
social stratification and symbolic interaction
A
how class distinctions are maintained through social interaction
- conspicuous consumption
- thorsten veblen (purchasing expensive things to display wealth)
14
Q
social stratification and feminists
A
- gendered patterns of domination in the home and workplace
- intersectional analysis
15
Q
class in Canada- middle class
A
semi professionals (disappearing middle class)
16
Q
absolute poverty
A
lack of basic necessities, life threatening
17
Q
relative poverty
A
inadequate resources compared to average standard of living
18
Q
low income cut off (LICO)
A
- examines amount of income spent on necessities
19
Q
market basket measure (MBM)
A
- measures inflation
- income required to meet household needs
20
Q
low income measure (LIM)
A
low income = 1/2 of median income for household that size (how much less they have than other similar households)
21
Q
poverty - women
A
single parents and unattached seniors
22
Q
poverty - indigenous
A
25% less average income than non-indigenous people
23
Q
poverty - immigrants and visible minorities
A
greater risk for lower income and wages and unemployment
24
Q
poverty - disabled people
A
20% live on low income
25
blaming the victim
results from classism and holds individual responsible for their situation (ignores structural context)
26
blaming the system
considers structural factors of poverty
27
sex
XX and XY biological distinctions
28
gender
cultural beliefs and assumptions about biological sex
- femininity and masculinity
29
hegemonic masculinity
culturally valued masculine traits, strong force, assertive
30
emphasized femininity
culturally valued feminine traits, attractiveness, nurturance, supportive of men
31
intersex
not easily categorized as male or female with indistinct or a combination of XX/XY
32
transgender
do not categorize themselves within normative categories of male or female (may alter body)
33
sexual orientation
identity relating to sexual attraction
34
asexual
do not experience sexual attraction
35
two spirit
indigenous umbrella term for people whos sexual, gender and/or spiritual identity has male and female components
36
families as an agent of gender socialization
gendered names, gifts, colors, clothes, household tasks, treatment by parents
37
education as an agent of gender socialization
gender differences are emphasized (washrooms, activities, changerooms, course focus)
38
media as agent for gender socialization
women are helpless or sexualized and incapable
39
ideology of gender
natural difference between men and women, justifies male privilege
40
toxic masculinity
men are socialized to be aggressive and non-emotional
41
patriarchy
social organizations where men hold power
42
gendered division of labor
women have lower paying and lower prestige jobs (helps maintain gender inequalities)
women earn 74% what men earn/year
43
pink ghetto
job segregation by gender
44
glass ceiling
invisible barrier preventing women from getting promotions
45
glass escalator
semi-invisible advantages for men
46
second shift
household and family responsibilities of the woman after a workday
47
gendered violence
women more likely to experience violence at the hand of their partner
48
gender and functionalism
- gender differences are natural and create cohesiveness
- men have instrumental role (money)
- women have expressive role (children and emotional support)
- gender roles make society run smoothly (ignores inequalities)
49
gender and conflict theory
- gender differences as product of property relations and class system
- industrial revolution forced women into role of homemakers
- gender roles will change with elimination of capitalism
50
gender and symbolic interaction
- how we learn and embody gender (and reinforce)
- agents of gender socialization
51
gender and feminism
- social constructs
- matrix of domination: intersectionality of race, class, ability, gender in inequality
52
family function
how a family takes care of its members, group survival (psychological and physical needs)
53
family structure
roles and positions within a family
54
kin group
related by blood or marriage
55
nuclear family
parents and children (1 household usually)
56
extended family
2+ generations living together
57
bilateral descent pattern
both sides of the family are treated as equally important
58
patrilineal descent pattern
inheritance and emotional ties to father's side are prioritized
59
matrilineal descent pattern
inheritance and emotional ties to mother's side are prioritized
60
egalitarian authority
equal power/responsibilty
61
patriarchy authority
family decisions made by males
62
matriarchy authority
women with greater power
63
families and functionalism
ensure survival of individuals and society
- reproduction
- protection
- socialization
- sexual regulation
- affection/companionship
- social and economic status
64
families and symbolic interaction
primary socialization aiding self development
65
families and conflict theory
- industrialization drastically changed family life
- families are no longer self-sustaining
- men went to work
- passing on wealth and status
66
families and feminists
unequal and gendered institutions
6 biases
67
6 biases
- monolithic: every family is the same
- conservative: ignores family problems
- ageist: young and old don't contribute
- sexist: ignoring gender inequalities
- heterosexist: ignores same-sex families
- racist: ignoring families different from dominant culture
68
affinal mating
chosen relationships based on love
69
endogamy
marrying within one's social group
70
exogamy
marrying outside one's social group
71
homogamy
marrying someone similar to you
72
arranged marriage
kin group control's marriage choices
(still most common in the world)
73
authoritative parenting
lots of love and supervision (best outcomes for children)
74
cohabitation
unmarried couple living together
75
divorce
legal ending of a marriage
- women = long term consequence
- men = short term consequence
76
single parent
- 20% of canada
- results from increasing divorce
- higher economic problems
77
blended familes
- combine adults and kids from other relationships
- 10% of canada
78
same sex families
- household duties are more equal
79
work-life balance (women)
women carry higher burden of domestic labor and child and elder care
80
family violence
- women = serious violence
- men = less serious violence
81
ethnicity
shared set of cultural traits leading a sense of collective belonging
82
race
- not shared history, culture or genetics
- shared physical characteristics and appearance
83
minority groups
- limited economic and social power in a society
- BIPOC
84
prejudice
negative, hostile social attitude towards members of another group
85
stereotype
- broadly believed ideas about a particular group that applies to all its members
86
exception fallacy
once we are aware of stereotype, we are more likely to notice the reinforcing examples
87
discrimination
actions carried out against a person because of their group membership
88
racism
prejudice and discrimination plus power
89
systemic racism
prejudice and discrimination supported by institutional structures
90
white privilege
benefits to white people in a society (mostly invisible to those who possess them)
91
othering
not one of us
92
functionalism and race
- ethnic differences will disappear from society because racism is dysfunctional
- 4 dysfunctions of racism
93
4 dysfunctions of racism
- not maximizing societal ressources
- aggravates social problems (poverty, crime)
- too much time and money put towards barriers
- negatively impacts global relationships
94
symbolic interaction and race
contact hypothesis: more interracial contact lowers prejudice and racism
95
conflict theory and race
exploitation theory: racism keeps minorities in low paying jobs (criticized for minimizing race issues into class issues)
96
feminists and race
gender is not the only source of oppression (intersectionality)
97
indigenous people
first nations, metis, inuit
98
registered indian status
entitled to certain rights (gov't determines who's in the registry to control them)
99
indigenous risks
- more likely to live in poverty
- less likely to get post secondary education
- more likely to die of heart disease, stroke, diabetes
- high suicide
- high criminality
- high mortality
100
red river rebellion
creation of manitoba, metis leader louis riel
101
oka crisis
contended sacred land to stop land development of golf courses and condos
102
idle no more
protest bill C-45 which eliminated treaty rights
103
residential schools
assimilate indigenous people
104
charter groups
british or french descent (dominant group)
*still the largest ethnic group*
105
chinese immigration
- built transnational railway
- once done, they were no longer welcome
- chinese immigration act kept out all but a few
106
black immigration
- first brought in for slavery
- ban black immigration was never enacted (1911)
107
genocide
deliberate extermination of a large group of people
- when dominant group is much larger
- minority group has little economic value
108
expulsion
forced removal of people or confinement to a particular location
109
segregation
physical separation of groups in residence, schools, work etc
110
assimilation
assuming traits of dominant group
111
pluralism
minority groups maintain practices but dominant culture is also retained (promoting assimilation)
112
multiculturalism
retention of distinct and separate ethnicities (respect for all)
