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BIO 3060 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

charles darwins early idea of what was disproven

A

his early idea of heredity

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2
Q

aquired somatic mutations are what

A

genes

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3
Q

alleles are what

A

alternative forms of genes

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4
Q

avery mcleod and mcarty found what

A

DNA encodes genetic material

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5
Q

why does DNA bond pyrimidine to purine

A

it allows for DNA to be same width top to bottom

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6
Q

hershey and cahse found what

A

that phage proteins enter the cell using sulfur and phosphorous

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7
Q

snRNA

A

complex of proteins & RNA that splices introns out of mRNA

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8
Q

5’ cap and poly A tail are involved in what

A

translation initiation

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9
Q

what is required to charge tRNA

A

not GTP

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10
Q

are there multiple replication forks in plasmids?

A

nope

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11
Q

DNA pol 1

A

has 5-3 exonuclease activity to cut out RNA primers as it runs into them

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12
Q

how many origins of replications do prokaryotes

A

1

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13
Q

what does lisencing do

A

times DNA replications so that it only starts once and all at once

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14
Q

negativly supercoiled DNA

A

relaxed more than 10.4 bp per turn

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15
Q

what do prokaryotes use to compact it

A

proteins

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16
Q

arginine has what function

A

has a positive charge to keep DNA in contact with histones

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17
Q

euchromatin portion of DNA

A

makes up most of DNA and transcription

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18
Q

DNA per nucleosome

A

145 per nucleosome
200 per nucleosome and anker

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19
Q

acetylation is most likely to occur where

A

on long alkyl chain amino acids

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20
Q

are ribosomes on eukaryotic DNA

A

no

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21
Q

microtubules attach to kinetochores when

A

during prometaphase

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22
Q

kinetochore is composed of what

A

proteins on centromere

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23
Q

define monohybrid corss

A

parents must differ in 1 trait w/1 character being studied

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24
Q

3 heterozygotic alleles are crossed when 2 organisms breed. What proportion of them will be homozygous recessive for all 3 alleles

A

1/64
.25.25.25

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25
3 heterozygotic alleles are crossed when 2 organisms breed. What proportion of offspring will be heterozygous for all 3 genes?
1/8 .5*.5*.5
26
proband
the person w/the trait or disorder for which the pedigree is made for
27
define independant assortment
homologs randomly assorting during metaphase into gametes
28
creating any sort of gamete from a complete heterozygote will have what probability of being made
.25
29
rules for dealing with dihybrid crosses
split each trait into its own monohybrid cross to predict the parent genotype look at the traits of the offspring to predict the parents of the monohybrid cross
30
finding the df
number of categories-1 ex 4 genotypes-1= 3 df
31
can x/y chromosomes pair up?
yes x/y chromosomes have psuedo-autosomal regions that are homologous
32
define sex linked traits
trait is different between the sexes
33
what is likely the disease when it only affects males
X linked autosomal
34
genomic imprinting
when gene expression is determined by parental origin
35
sex limited
when a trait is only exhibited by 1 sex
36
complementation test cross
determines if 2 mutations are on the same allele
37
GWAS function
helps identify traits by finding the linkage of genetic traits to haplotypes in a populatoin
38
acrocentric
2 small arms and 2 long arms
39
telocentric
2 long arms only
40
what causes down syndrome
nondisjunction
41
what type of tree evolved from polyploidization
angiosperms
42
forms of aneupoidy
mono, tri, tetra, and nullisomy
43
codominance, like incomplete dominance has what
more than 2 phenotypes
44
cAMP in the lac operon has what function
it activates an activator protein
45
the lac operon is under what type of control
negative inducible
46
the CAP cAMP functions as what type of regulation
positive
47
tryptophan in the trp operon serves what function
corepressor
48
fragile X syndrome is caused by what
expanding nucleotide repeats
49
miRNAs are what
double stranded RNA processed by dicers
50
CpG islands
highly methylated sections of CG stretches in DNA
51
sympatric speciation
occurs without geographic barrier
52
alpha DNA polymerase
initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis and DNA repair, has primase acitivity
53
delta DNA polymerase
lagging strand synthesis of nuclear DNA
54
Epsilon DNA polymerase
leading strand synthesis
55
rho dependant termination
protein binding to sequence on DNA, moves up strand until it hits the terminator where it waits for Rho to separate the DNA and the complex
56
Theodore Schwann
Cell theory
57
august weissman
germ plasm theory
58
griffith
found particles can change gene expression of another organism
59
rho independant termination
contains inverted repeats (G&C) binding w/each other destablizing RNA/DNA complex then after inverted repeats strand of only adenosines for an easy break
60
holoenzyme
complex of RNA polymerase and sigma factor
61
siRNA
triggers degredation of other RNAs
62
miRNA
inhibits translation of mRNA
63
shine delgaro and kozaks sequence
initiation sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively
64
dominant epistasis results
12:3:1
65
recessive epistasis results
9:3:4
66
Ubiquitination
accelerates/decelerate transcription rates depending on histone H2A histone- repressive H2B histone- activating/repressing
67
acetylation
neutralizes positive charge on histone, loosening its grip on DNA accelerates transcription
68
methylation
occurs on lysines/ arginines can be mono, di or tri methylated can accelerate/decelerate transcription rates
69
Epigenetic modification of histones
acetylation methylation phosphorylation ubiquitination sumoylation
70
Sumoylation
small ubiquitin related modifer SUMO stabilizes proteins can repress transcription
71
Phosphorylation
occurs on serine threonine and tyrosine decondenses and activates genes

BIO 3060 (6 decks)

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