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TEST 2 Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

Shape of bacterial genome

A

Overall circular, but can supercoil due to size, resulting in a spaghetti pile chromosome

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2
Q

Auxotroph

A

mutant strain of bacteria, inability to create compound needed for survival, must recieve it from environment

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3
Q

Prototroph

A

Stock strain of bacteria. Can create everything needed for survival

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4
Q

How does one identify an auxotroph

A

create colonies of auxotroph in different agar plates. Add different compounds to each agar plate until a colony grows. Colony growth identifies the needed compound

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5
Q

Replica plating technique

A

Take metal plate coated with sterilized velvet; press it onto a fully grown colony on an agar plate.

Press into agar plates with different chemical environments to identify if auxotroph. View colony patterns from original colony to transplanted colony.

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6
Q

nonselective medium

A

allows all types of bacteria to grow in medium

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7
Q

selective medium

A

has chemical allowing growth of particular strains of organisms

(suppresses growth of everything except desired organisms)

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8
Q

Define the statement, “plasmids are extra-chromosomal DNA”

A

Plasmids are not needed for the survival of the bacteria, but can give extra benefits or traits

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9
Q

episomes

A

large plasmids, can be integrated into DNA

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10
Q

Fertility factor

A

codes for the ability to create a sex pilus

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11
Q

Sex pilus

A

allows for the trading of plasmids between cells through a bridge or the sex pilus

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12
Q

conjugation

A

sharing genetic info between cells in the same generation

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13
Q

transformation

A

cells take in plasmid from environment

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14
Q

Prokaryotic cell cycle

A
  1. B period
  2. C period
  3. D period
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15
Q

B period

A

Birth period

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16
Q

C period

A

replication of genetic material

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17
Q

D period

A

Division phase

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18
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

original strands are still present after replication, one original strand in each progeny cell

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19
Q

conservative replication

A

the two original strands end up in 1 progeny cell, the two new strands end up in the other

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20
Q

dispersive replication

A

parts of both original strands are in all 4 of the progeny cells chromosomes, interspersed with new parts of the chromosome

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21
Q

Bidirectional replication

A

replication occurs in two different directions on the two different strands in a chromosome. One towards each replication fork

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22
Q

Unidirectional replication

A

replication occurs in the same direction on both strands of the dna towards the same replication fork

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23
Q

OriC

A

origin of replication of chromosome

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24
Q

OriV

A

origin of replication of plasmid

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25
Replicon
segment of DNA currently undergoing replication, can be large
26
Theta replication
replication of circular DNA, can be unidirectional or bidirectional. uses the same origin of replication in either direction. Eventually splitting into two identical circular DNA genomes
27
Linear DNA replication
replications occurs on many different sites on the chromosomes. eventually joining each others replication bubbles
28
Lagging strand
replicating strand away from replication fork. Creates separated DNA segments.
29
Okazaki fragments
on the lagging strand, occurs due to the opening of the replication fork and the direction the DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in
30
Helicase
unwinds DNA using ATP, if it runs into DNA polymerase 3 its activity increases
31
topoisomerase 3
Due to replication forks unwinding the DNA, tension forms behind the fork. this enzyme releases the tension behind the fork, as to not wind the DNA
32
DNA Polymerase 1
removes RNA primers (okazaki fragments primer) and replaces them with DNA
33
DNA Ligase
bonds the okazaki fragments to the DNA fragments that replaced the RNA primers 5' P to 3' OH
34
shape of eukaryotic genome
linear
35
Benefits of bacteria as model genetic organism
Fits all requirements for model genetic organism
36
complete medium
contains all substances required by bacteria to sustain life
37
alpha DNA polymerase
initiation of nuclear DNA synthesis and DNA repair, has primase acitivity
38
delta DNA polymerase
lagging strand synthesis of nuclear DNA
39
Epsilon DNA polymerase
leading strand synthesis
40
DNA polymerase 3
creates DNA 5' to 3', proof reading it as 3' to 5'
41
Structure of DNA polymerase 3
fingers, thumb palm, 3' exonuclease activity site
42
replisome
2 DNA polymerase 3 stuck together, this loops the DNA so that these two can synthesize DNA of both leading and lagging strands in the same direction
43
anabolic
build up
44
Telomerase
rebuilds telomer at 3' end,with complementary DNA sequence to the telomer. Can add on extra
45
Problem w/dna replication for eukaryotes
3' end replication problem. No primer can add to it
46
how does bacteria verify its only been replicated once
DnaA can only bind to methylated DNA strands. New DNA strands arent methylated, DAM eventually adds them
47
lisencing
active during G1 phase, inhibits activity of minichromosomal maintenance proteins
48
minichromosome maintenence proteins
help initiatie and elongate DNA
49
another word for positive supercoiling
overrotated DNA
50
another word for negative supercoiling
underrotated DNA
51
Positive supercoiling bp per turn
fewer than 10 bp per turn, more turns
52
negative supercoiling bp per turn
more than 10 bp per turn less turns
53
relaxed circular DNA
perfect dna structure, no under or over turning of dna at any point, 10.4 bp per turn
54
alpha dna structure
hole in middle widest helix 11bp per turn dehydrated, or double stranded rna
55
beta dna structure
10.4 bp per turn hydrated
56
why is the structure of dna a helix
hydrophilic outside backbone hydrophobic interior
57
z dna structure
12bp per turn eukaryotic long stretches of pyrimidines and purines
58
class 1 topoisomerase
breaks 1 strand of dna pushes intact strand through gap and rejoins them
59
class 2 topoisomerase
breaks both strands of dna and rotates them around each other, good for compaction
60
HU proteins
holds parts of the chromosome together coiling it, positively charged/ basic
61
nucleosome
DNA wound around 8 histones. 145 bp bonded directly to nucleosome 200bp of nucleosome and linked chain of dna
62
Nucleosome histones
H1 H2A H2B H3 H4 H1 clamps outside of the nucleosome the dna to the histone. The rest have 2 of each subunit in the interior of the nucleosome
63
Euchromatin
loosly compacted dna 30 nm fiber contains genes
64
heterochromatin
heavily compacted dna 300 nm fiber repeat sequences (telomers and centromeres) not transcribed
65
constitutive heterochromatin
permanently heavily compacted, never unwound (x chromosome in females)
66
epigenetic changes
changes made to alter transcription but not dna sequence Histone acetylation and DNA methylation
67
histone acetylation
reduces positive charges on histones, relaxes DNA from histone, opening it to euchromatin
68
methylation
adds methyl group to bp recruits proteins to keep dna tightly wound closes to heterochromatin
69
FtsZ
protein in prokaryotic reproduction that separates the two duplicate chromosomes
70
haploid
one set of each chromosome
71
diploid
two sets of each chromosome
72
polypoid
multiple sets of each chromosome
73
p arm
shorter arm in chromosome
74
q arm
longer arm in chromosome
75
telocentric
centromere is found at the end of the chromosome on the telomere
76
acrocentric
centromere is found near the end of the chromosome but still has a small p arm and long q arm
77
submetacentric
centromere creates almost even p and q arms, short p long q
78
metacentric
centromere is directly in the center of the chromosome, equal p and q arms
79
cohesions
proteins that loop the duplicate chromatids together from s to metaphase
80
separase
cuts the cohesions during metaphase
81
kinetichore
found on/near centromere where the microtubules attach during anaphase
82
karyotype
number and appearance of all chromosome
83
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes attached by centromeres, one half of the x structure of a chromosome
84
shugoshin
cohesions kept wound around the centromeres during meiosis. these segments get destroyed during anaphase 2
85
crossing over
shuffling of the alleles on two sister chromatids, or the same chromosome
86
fertilization of a gamete
shuffling the alleles on different chromosomes into new combinations
87
independent assortment
the random separation of homologous chromosomes into different gametic cells
88
how to find the total number of different combinations of chromosomes possible
2^n n=number of homolougous chromomsomes
89
g1/s checkpoint
checks if cell is ready for replication
90
G2/m checkpoint
checks to see if all dna is replicated checks to see if all errors with dna has been fixed checks if there is enough cytoplasm
91
Spindle assembly checkpoint
makes sure all chromosomes are alighted and attached to microtubules to be pulled apart.
92
All phases of mitosis
pmat
93
chiasmata
points of attachments where crossing over occurs on the chromosomes in prophase 1
94
monohybrids helped determine which rules
principles of segregations and dominance relationships
95
principle of segregation
the two separate alleles on a locus segregate independently and randomly of each other during anaphase 1 of meiosis
96
dihybrids helped determine which rules
principle of independent assortment
97
Principle of independent assortment
alleles on one locus segregate independently from other alleles on other chromosomes
98
chi squared equation
X^2= Σ ((O-E)^2)/E
99
degrees of freedom
total number of categories minus 1
100
Dihybrid cross results
9-3-3-1 9- both alleles are dominant in 1 form 3- 1 allele is dominant 3- the other 1 allele is dominant 1- all alleles are recessive
101
incomplete dominance
heterozygote displays mixed phenotypes of both dominant and recessive phenotypes
102
multiplication rule
probability of 1 result based off another If x, then what is probability of y
103
addition rule
probability of 2 results not dependent on one another what is probability of getting x or y
104
what results indicate homozygous parents of any kind
1 type of genotype offspring
105
what results indicate heterozygous parents?
1:1 ratio offspring (homozygous x heterozygous) 1:2:1 ratio offspring (heterozygous x heterozygous)
106
Recessive pattern of inheritance (pedigree)
-1/4 offspring affected -generations skipped -2 affected individuals produce 100% affected offspring
107
dominant pattern of inheritance (pedigree)
-affected individual got gene from 1 parent atleast -generations NOT skipped -appears equally in males and females
108
Why are pedigrees used
not ethical to empirically breed humans
109
proband
the individual having the trait for whom the pedigree is made for
110
what type of p value indicates expected data occured not due to random chance
<.05 or 5 %
111
what p value indicates random chance
>.05/5%
112
some bacteria may have linear chromosomes
yep, i thought that was bs too but ig thats real
113
nucleotides are added to what on a growing strand of dna
the 3' OH
114
what does DNA polymerase 1 use exonuclease activity for
cutting out RNA primer as it runs into them
115
H1 protein
linker protein in nucleosomes
116
what amino acid would most likely be acetylated
one with a nitrogen containing group
117
what amino acid helps keep DNA in contact with nucleosomes due to a positive charge
arginine

BIO 3060 (6 decks)

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