TEST 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Guanosine
A
purine
2
Q
cytosine
A
pyrimidine
3
Q
thymine
A
pyrimidine
4
Q
adenosine
A
purine
5
Q
model genetic organism characteristics
A
easily housed
large managable progeny
adapts to lab environment
short generation time
6
Q
rho dependant termination
A
protein binding to sequence on DNA, moves up strand until it hits the terminator where it waits for Rho to separate the DNA and the complex
7
Q
DNA v RNA
A
DNA has 3’ OH group and thymine
RNA has 3’ H group and uracil
8
Q
chargaff rules
A
A bonds w/ T
G bonds w/ C
9
Q
Theodore Schwann
A
Cell theory
10
Q
Watson and Crick
A
found overall structure of DNA
11
Q
Cell theory
A
all living organisms are made up of the base unit of cells
12
Q
4 structures of amino acids
A
nitrogen group
carboxylic acid group
C-H center
variable side group
13
Q
start codon
A
AUG / methionine
14
Q
wobble
A
pairing at 3rd position in codon is relaxed
at 3rd position U/Cs can be read with a G in tRNA
15
Q
why is genetic code degenerate
A
64 codons
20 amino acids
16
Q
where does the amino acid attach on tRNA
A
anticodon
17
Q
isoaccpeting tRNAs
A
tRNAs w/amino acid but different anticodon coding sequence
18
Q
august weissman
A
germ plasm theory
19
Q
spliceosome is made of what
A
riboproteins and snRNPs
20
Q
what occurs before intron removal
A
addition of poly A tail
21
Q
rRNA modification
A
processed after transcription
methylated and cleaved
22
Q
IF2
A
binds w/GTP uses energy to bind methionine to start transcription
23
Q
snoRNA
A
processes rRNA
24
Q
snRNA
A
processes premRNA
25
4 musts of genetic material
1) must contain complex info
2) must reproduce faithfully
3) must encode phenotype
4) must be able to vary
26
germ plasm theory
all cells have complete genetic info
27
purines
2 rings
28
pyrimidines
1 ring
29
transmission genetics
how traits are passed on from 1 generation to the next
( arrangement of genes on chromosome)
30
molecular genetics
how genes are encoded, replicated and expressed
31
griffith
found particles can change gene expression of another organism
32
hershey and chase
found DNA is genetic material of phages
33
nucleotide
nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate groups
34
nucleoside
nitrogen base, and sugar
35
common model organisms
fruit fly
e. coli
mouse
bakers yeast
nematode
thale cress plant
36
psuedouradine
rare base made by snoRNA
isomer of uracil
37
tRNA processing
chaperone proteins
adds CCA tail
adds rare bases
38
what opens a lariate
debranching enzyme
39
branch point
point in intron where after 5' end is spliced intron will curl back to this point and bond with it
40
5' cap is used for what
initaition of translation stability intron removal
41
what is directly after a promoter and always before a terminator
exons
42
rho independant termination
contains inverted repeats (G&C) binding w/each other destablizing RNA/DNA complex then after inverted repeats strand of only adenosines for an easy break
43
enhancer sequence
these attach activator protiens on DNA when holoenzyme transcribes these wrap around the top of it enhancing transcription
44
holoenzyme
complex of RNA polymerase and sigma factor
45
7 steps of transcription
1) selective, only certain parts are transcribed
2) 1 of 2 strands of DNA is transcribed
3) RNTriphosphates are used to make RNA added to 3' OH group
4) 5'-3' direction
5) transcription depends on RNA polymerase
6) promoters help bind RNA polymerase
7) starts at promoter ends at terminator
46
crRNA
cripsr rna
destroys foreign DNA
47
piwiRNA
suppresses transciption of transposable elements in reproductive cells
48
lncRNA
many functions
49
pribnow box
TATAA box
50
where and how are premRNAs modified
in nucleus
splices out introns in genes
51
RNA polymerase 3
transcribes:
tRNA
rRNA
miRNA
52
RNA polymerase 2
transcribes:
premRNA
snoRNA
miRNA
siRNA
53
RNA polymerase 1
transcribes:
rRNA
54
Franklin
found helix
phosphate
backbone
55
avery
mcleod
mccarty
DNA encodes genetic material
not
RNA or proteins
56
how is pre-mRNA altered into mRNA
introns are spliced out
5' cap added
polyA tail added
57
B DNA structure
most stable
usually under wet condition
58
RNA coding sequence
the gene part of RNA
59
genes come from 1 strand or both?
both
60
tRNA structure
cloverleaf structure
folds on itself creating L structure
61
RNA polymerase creates RNA in which direction
5' to 3'
62
RNA polymerase reads template strand in which direction
reads 3' to 5'
63
siRNA
triggers degredation of other RNAs
64
miRNA
inhibits translation of mRNA
65
RNA WORLD
RNA started life
can replicate easy
volcanos randomly made RNA
66
polycistronic RNA
when a group of genes is transcribed into a single RNA
67
tertiary structure of protein
globular
semi oval shape
68
secondary structure of protein
beta pleated or spiral
69
primary structure of protein
linear sequence
70
initiation
transcription aparatus assembles on promoter beginning RNA synthesis
71
elongation
DNA goes through RNA polymerase adding new nucleotides to RNA strand
72
termination
recognition of end of transcription unit separating RNA from DNA
73
colinear
correspondance between nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence
# of nucleotides proportional to # of amino acids
74
why arent eukaryotic genes colinear w/amino acid sequence they encode
each gene has UTRs that dont encode amino acids
they also have noncoding nucleotides in genes
75
reverse transcriptase
creates DNA from RNA
76
tetraloop receptor motif
2 loops bond to each other due to complementary base pairs in tRNA
77
ribozyme
creates protein from RNA
78
tRNA
incorperates amino acids into protein during translation
79
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
80
mRNA
carries genetic code for all proteins
81
how to form hair pin
use mostly GC bps to disconnect from template strand to form a hairpin
82
template strand
non coding strand
transcribed form
83
nontemplate strand
will have same sequence as new RNA
coding strand
84
sigma factor
controls binding of RNA polymerase to promoter w/o it it will bind randomly on DNA
recognizes promoter
85
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic polymerase
eukaryotic- has 3 different RNA polymerases, depending on which RNA is transcribed
prokaryotic- all RNA is transcribed by 1 RNA polymerase
86
pangenesis
genetic info travels from all over body to reproductive organs
wrong
87
mendelian inheritance
traits are inherited according to medels work
correct
88
why is mendel the father of genetics
he discovered principles of genetics and heredity by cross breeding pea plants and analyzing theyre traits over generations
89
peptide bond
bond between carboxylic acid and nitrogen group of 2 different amino acids
90
70s complex
when small and large subunits of ribosome are joined with RNA
91
shine delgaro and kozaks sequence
initiation sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively
92
rRNA processing and modificaiton
snoRNAs methylation
93
AUG start codon is where
in RNA after transcription
94
backbone is made of what
phosphodiesterase bonds
95
of C/G hydrogen bonds
3
96
of T/A hydrogen bonds
2
97
secondary structure of DNA
double helix
major and minor grooves
98
inheritance of aquired characteristics
traits you gain over time in your life becomes a part of sex cells
wrong
99
preformationism
mini organisms lives in sex cells
all traits are inherited from sperm
wrong
100
blending inheritance
genes blend and mix from both parents
wrong
101
deoxy ribose sugar
sugar with an H at the 2' carbon position
102
ribose sugar
sugar with an OH at the 2' carbon position
103
central dogma of biology
transcription and translation
104
population genetics
genetic composotion of popoulations and how it changes over time and space
105
terminators dont do what
dont stop transcrtiption only slow it down to allow for preocesses to break it off and stop
106
what initated evolution
ribozymes
107
30s subunit
when RNA is binded to small ribosome subunit
108
how does DNA retain its structure
hydrogen bonds in middle of ATCG mainly in phosphodiesterase bonds
109
EFG
elongation factor go
moves ribosome down mRNA using GTP
110
EFTS
elongation factor TS
reenergizes EFTU swaps GDP for GTP on EFTU
111
EFTU
joins GTP and tRNA with correct amino acid bringing them to ribosome puts it into A site
112
IF3 & 1
prevents small and large subunits from closing before RNA is in them for transcription
113
relationship between codon and anticodon
anticodon is complementary to codon when they are complementary tRNA deposites amino acid
114
RF1 & 2
pairs w/stop codon in a site w/no amino acid
115
exons are adjacent to the initiator and terminator
116
spliceosome is in what
the nucleus
