final Flashcards by Kennedy O'Connor

what are two of the four sociocultural views on substance use disorders?

family environment
social environment
cultural views
stressful socioeconomic conditions!

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what are the two parts of physiological dependence on a substance?

tolerance and withdrawl

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alcoholics anonymous is an example of a type of treatment that focuses on absolutely no alcohol or substances. this is an example of the ___ approach of treatment

abstinence only

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the idea that individuals with substance use disorders have a reward center that is not activated by typical life events is called

reward deficiency syndrome

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substances that speed up the process of the central nervous system are called

stimulants

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andrew drinks heavily on weekends and some weekdays and often misses class due to a hangover. he think it would be smart to change his behavior and vaguely wants to do so but has no plans or intent to take action. andrew is in the ____ stage of change

contemplation

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true of false: men metabolize alcohol faster than women

true

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the cognitive behavioral theory of substance use disorders where individuals are reinforced for substance use and have the expectation that substance use will be pleasant is called

self medication hypothesis

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fred has never displayed any past psychotic symptoms but recently his family has noticed he is saying strange things and expressing atypical beliefs. He’s functioning well and does not seem to be having full-blown symptoms. This is likely ____ phase of schizophrenia

prodromal

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false beliefs are typically referred to as ____ and false perceptions/perceptual distortions are typically referred to as ___

delusions and hallucinations

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the idea that there is a genetic/biological predisposition for schizophrenia that is then activated by particular environmental circumstances is called

diathesis-stress explantation

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the major neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is

dopamine

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which theory is better supported as to why people with schizophrenia are more likely to live in poverty?
the downward drift theory or stress of poverty theory

stress of poverty theory

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list two of the five things associated with better recovery from schizophrenia

later onset
abrupt onset
onset from stress
early and on going treatment
better premorbid functions
higher income
better social support

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symptoms of schizophrenia that represent the addition of something atypical to behavior are called

positive symptoms

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true of false Developing countries, overall, have
better recovery from schizophrenia than
developed countries

true

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__ theory suggests that borderline
personality disorder is caused by a
combination of internal (e.g., genetics,
physiological reactions) and external factors
(e.g., environment not meeting needs).

biosocial

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Those with antisocial personality disorder are
typically ____ in arousal in response to
typical daily things than those without it.
(Lower or higher?)

lower

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What are the 3 P’s that determine the
difference between typical personality and
personality disorders?

persistent, pervasive, and pathological

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Tiana, who has borderline personality
disorder, typically takes a long time to “get over” difficult emotions like anger and sadness. This aspect of her emotional reaction is called

low return to baseline

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which of these disorders has been associated with childhood abuse and or neglect
1. paranoid
2. borderline
3. antisocial

all of the above

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true of false:People with Cluster A (odd or eccentric) types of personality disorders are especially likely to seek treatment.

false

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Kara has borderline personality disorder, and
recently her therapist has been helping her to
learn how to express her needs and emotions
to others. This represents which skill in
dialectical behavior therapy

interpersonal skills

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Faith is extremely flirtatious, has trouble not
being the center of attention, and is prone to
bouts of huge expressions of emotionality
that also seems shallow and shifting. This is
characteristic of ______ personality
disorder.

histrionic

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true of false: People with narcissistic personality disorder may have been abused or neglected as children.

true

true or false: People with narcissistic personality disorder may have been over- praised as children.

true

Excessive caffeine use should always be assessed when a client has certain symptoms because too much caffeine can mimic the appearance of what other type of mental health disorder?

anxiety disorders

Per the cognitive behavioral therapy approach to substance use disorders, being around certain friends every time one drinks would be considered a(n) _______ and having fun after drinking and hangovers would be considered ____

antecendent consequence

Charisse is extremely rigid in her daily routine, never “loses control” emotionally, and is obsessed with order. She may meet criteria for which personality disorder?

obsessive compulsive disorder

andrea has schizophrenia, and she frequently rhymes words that make no sense together when she is speaking. What type of disorganized speech is this?

clang

what is the name of the best supported therapy for borderline personality disorder

dialectical behavior therapy

Someone who has magical thoughts, bizarre ways of thinking, and interpersonal challenges due to these things, but who is still generally functioning day-to-day, may be experiencing personality disorder.

schizotypal

the best biological explanation for schizophrenia dominated by negative symptoms is

brain structure abnormalities

list 2 of the 4 common trauma situations that commonly trigger ptsd

victimization accidents/ disasters combat terrorism and torture

which of these is a risk for developing PTSD 1. high preexisting anxiety 2. a generally positive worldview 3. higher social support

high preexisting anxiety

The treatment in which people continue to tell their traumatic story again and again in order to desensitize themselves to it is called

behavioral exposure or prolonged exposure

Nightmares about a trauma represent which type of symptom of PTSD? (In other words, looking at the DSM-5 criteria, which category of symptoms does this fall under?)

reexperiencing the trauma

true or false: only people with PTSD can benefit from trauma-informed treatment

false

Jess is able to “bounce back” very quickly from stressful situations. This trait, which is protective against PTSD, is called

resilience

List two things that make a trauma experience more complex.

multiple events beginning in childhood interpersonal nature of trauma stigmatizing psychological vulnerability occurring over a long period of time

what is the major difference between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder

length of time of symptoms

the idea that someone who experiences a somtic disorder is expressing their emotions through physical means is part of the ____ view of somatic disorders

cognitive

the idea that such behavior is a perfectly acceptable and normative way of expressing emotions is part of the ______view of somatic disorders.

mutlicultural

Antonio experiences intense anxiety over even the smallest cough or runny nose, and feels he should go to the doctor each time in order to rule out something serious. If this is an ongoing, distressing pattern, Antonio might be experiencing

illness anxiety disorder

true or false Factitious disorder must involve deliberately inflicting symptoms on oneself (for example, through taking blood thinners to create unstoppable bleeding)

false

Somatic disorders typically have to be distinguished from ________, which refers to faking or exaggerating symptoms for external gain like money

malingering

true or false: physical symptom in response to stress are more normative in some cultures than others

true

true or false people with somatic disorders typically seek psychological treatments

false

______ disorder typically involves neurological symptoms such as blindness or paralysis with no physiological basis

conversion disorder

_______ typically involves other types of vague physical symptoms or pain with no physiological basis

somatic symptom disorder

From the psychodynamic perspective, the idea that physical symptoms keep what we’re really anxious about out of our consciousness, thus serving a purpose is called .

primary gain

Having a variety of personalities that express themselves at different times, accompanied with periods of memory loss, is called

dissociative identity disorder

true or false those who have depersonalization -derealization disorder typically show some difficulties with cognitive and attentional functioning

true

two personalities that are unaware of each other's presence would be considered

mutually amnesic

The idea that some individuals have very rigid memory systems and can only recall things when in an extremely similar state is called _____ This is proposed as a cause of memory- related dissociative disorders

state-dependent learning

list the 3 steps of treatment for dissociative identity disorder

1. recognizing the disorder 2. recovering memories 3. integrating the subpersonalities

Jackie feels as though she is floating outside of her body and not in control of her actions. she is likely experiencing

depersonalization

which has been proposed as a cause of memory-related dissociative disorders that we discussed in class

mass episodes of repression

losing periods of autobiographical memory with no physical causes with

dissociative amnesia

list the three physiological causes of eating disorders

pschodynamic cause cognitive cause depression

anorexia nervosa

The idea that causes for eating disorders come from a variety of sources and that the more risk factors one has, the more likely one is to develop an eating disorder, is called the

multidimensional risk perspective.

The disorder that is characterized by eating excessive amounts in one sitting in a recurrent manner is called

binge eating disorder

Behaviors such as vomiting, laxative use, and excessive exercise after binge eating in bulimia nervosa are called

compensatory behaviors

What is the first goal of eating disorder treatment, regardless of the eating disorder?

Regain physical health

What brain structure is responsible for maintaining the “weight thermostat?”

hypothalamus

Eating disorders are ___________ in men and in non-Western cultures. A. Rising B. Falling C. Non-existent

rising

what is the typical primary treatment for bipolar disorder

mood stablizers

Egbert has a job interview, and he doesn’t get the job. He thinks, “Man, I really messed that interview up. I can’t do anything right. I’m never going to get a job!” Are his attributions internal or external specific or global unstable or stable

internal global stable

The idea that men and women may not experience depression at different rates but may report it at different rates is called the ______ of gender differences in depression.

artifact theory

Someone who is experiencing depression may have a __________ appetite than they typically do. A. Higher B. Lower C. Higher or lower

higher or lower

Joey has experienced long-term, ongoing depressive symptoms for about three years. Usually he experiences no more than three to four symptoms at a time, and they tend to be at a mild level. What might be a good diagnosis to look into for Joey?

persistent depressive disorder

alice breaks up with her partner and she to herself, “I really messed that relationship up!” Which part of Aaron Beck’s cognitive triad is she having negative thoughts about?

self

In order to be diagnosed with Bipolar I disorder, one must experience depressive episodes and ____ episodes

manic

Electroconvulsive therapy creates what physiological experience in the brain that then is thought to “reset” the brain and decrease depression?

seizures

Jan is terrified of heights. Her therapist teaches her relaxation skills and then has her start with relaxing in a mild anxiety-provoking situation (climbing a small ladder) and work her way up to relaxing through a highly anxiety-provoking situation (looking out over the overlook at Garvin Heights). This exposure technique is called ______________ ______________.

systemic desensitization

If Jan’s therapist were to start her at the highest anxiety-provoking situation and keep her in the situation until her anxiety diminished, thus skipping all the low-level steps, this would be the exposure technique called

flooding

For exposure treatment to work effectively, one needs to confront the feared object or situation in vivo (or in real life) as opposed to imaginal or covert exposure. However, the one exception to this is that ______ seems to create similar results in patients to in vivo exposure.

virtual reality

what is one of the three factors proposed by the sociocultural perspective as causes of generalized anxiety disorder?

truly dangerous conditions poverty race ethnicity

_______ theory (part of the cognitive perspective) suggests that generalized anxiety arises from discomfort with feeling unsure of things.

intolerance of uncertainty

In someone with social anxiety disorder, the amygdala sends alarms very easily to the rest of the brain to say something could be dangerous, and the ________ assesses these situations as threatening and does not shut off the alarm.

prefrontal cortex

true or false those in poverty experience higher rates of anxiety disorders than those not in poverty

true

what type of drug is most commonly used to treat obsessive compulsive disorder?

antidepressant medication or SSRIs

Which type of obsession in OCD is most stigmatized, according to the article you read?

intrusive taboo thoughts

Mack is constantly comparing his nose and eyes to other people’s and believes his nose and eyes are misshapen and grotesque- looking. Other people find him to be an attractive young man. Mack may have

body dysmorphic disorder

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to have ______ standards of conduct than those without. (Higher or lower?)

higher

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to have _____ depression than those without. (Higher or lower?)

higher

According to the behavioral perspective, why do compulsions continue to occur after obsessions? (What purpose do compulsions serve?)

negative reinforcement, removal of anxiety

which neurotransmitter is most likely at work in obsessive compulsive disorder

serotonin

what is the first thing someone at a crisis hotline does when faced with a call from someone with suicidal thoughts

build a positive relationship

what is the first thing a hospital does when someone comes in after a suicide attempt

deal with medical issues

list the two types of drugs that increase GABA activity in the brain

barbiturates or benzodiazepine

true or false to be diagnosed with a depressive episode you must have a depressed mood

false

True or false: All obsessions fall into the categories of symmetry/incompleteness, cleanliness, responsibility for harm, and taboo thoughts.

false ; these are just the most common types

independent variable

variable being changed or controlled

dependent variable

variable being tested and measured

Belle doesn’t party more than a typical college student, and she really enjoys partying. However, it prevents her from turning in work and going to class, and soon she is failing her classes. Which of the 4 D’s of abnormality best represents this?

dysfunction

4 ds of abnormality

deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger

In an experiment on a new depression drug, if the participant does not know if they are receiving a placebo or a drug, this is called a _____ study.

blind

Whereas most people feel some anxiety about a job interview, Kalyn experiences extremely intense anxiety. This idea of being outside the statistical norm represents which of the 4 D’s?

deviance

When we talk about a study being generalizable to the population as a whole, and generalizable to real-world situations, we are talking about ______ validity

external validity

examines whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other contexts

internal validity

the degree of confidence that the casual relationship you are testing is not influenced by other factors or variables

the group that does not get treatment is

control group

What function does the neurotransmitter GABA serve? A. Regulates mood B. Regulates appetite C. Regulates sleep D. Reduces anxiety/physiological arousal

reduces anxiety/ physiological arousal

I spill a few drops of coffee on myself and I feel extremely anxious about it all day because I think that everyone sees it and judges me  Label each of these A, B, or C according to Ellis’s ABC model:

spilling coffee - A thinking everyone judges me = B feeling anxious = C

Alana once got bit by a dog, and now she associates dogs with pain and fears them. A behaviorist would suggest that this is an example of

classical conditioning

If Harry believes he is only good and lovable if he is good at sports, Carl Rogers and the humanistic perspective would say that he has developed

conditions of worth

true or false: Diagnosis can be destigmatizing to some people because it gives them a name to what they are experiencing and makes them feel less alone.

true

Kelland takes an assessment for depression and scores pretty highly. He then takes it about a week later, and he scores really low, even though his depression level hasn’t changed. This likely represents a problem with what type of reliability?

test retest

Upon going to college, Elena has a bad interaction with the first person she meets in her dorm. As a result, she believes that college will be horrible. Cognitive theorist Aaron Beck would suggest she is engaging in

overgeneralization

According to the psychodynamic perspective:  The ______ is driven by the pleasure principle.  The ______ is driven by the reality principle.  The ______ is driven by the morality principle.

id ego super ego

The view of mental illness as caused by possession or evil spirits is consistent with the _____ of mental health.

demonological model

Anthony helps his little sister with her homework. To encourage him to do this more often, his parents tell him that he doesn’t have to do his chores that night. In operant conditioning, this would be an example of

negative reinforcement

Anthony tells his little sister she’s stupid. His parents, upset by this, do not want him to do it again, so they tell him he cannot go out with his friends that night. In operant conditioning, this is called

negative punishment

final Flashcards

(115 cards)