Final Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
emotion
A
short physiological, cognitive, behavioural states
2
Q
mood
A
prolonged emotion that effects how you perceive life
3
Q
mood disorder
A
prolonged, abnormal mood,
must result in distress +impairment
4
Q
2 mood disorders
A
depressive disorders
bipolar and related disorders
5
Q
cultural differences of depressive disorders
A
the way other cultures describe depression is somantic (eg. soul loss)
6
Q
depressive disorders symptoms with children
A
more physical complaints and irritability
7
Q
depressive disorder symptoms with the elderly
A
often compounded with GAD
may come on from physical frailty and leading to stopping doing things
8
Q
major depressive disorder symptoms
A
at least 2 weeks of symptoms
1.depressed everyday
2.diminished interest or please in activities
3.significant weight loss
4.insomnia
5.slow motor skills
6. feeling of worthlessness
9
Q
psychotic features of depression
A
fixed false beliefs
1/2 people with MDD
like - guilt, disease, punishment
can have hallucinations too - auditory and visual
10
Q
persistent depressive disorder symptoms
A
persistance for at least 2 years
need fewer symptoms and lower mood does not need to be everyday
11
Q
double depression
A
have Persistant depressive disorder and then mdd occurs
already low, go lower
12
Q
how often are recurrent episodes of depressive disorders
A
60-50%
13
Q
prefrontal cortex and depression
A
decrease in cortical thickness
associated with behaviour correlated with curiosity and going out into the world
14
Q
hippocampus and depression
A
smaller size is correlated with higher levels of MDD
15
Q
Antieror cingulate cortex
A
apart of a circuit that regulates emotion
decreased activity in those with depression
16
Q
amygdala and depression
A
associated with stress increase and dendrite activity
17
Q
brodmann area 25 and depression
A
when overactive mdd is more treatment resistant
18
Q
monoamine theory
A
related to causes of depression
the balance between MAO chemicals are more important than their absolute levels
19
Q
how does EST work
A
not fully known
alter monoamines- may be jolt to neurocircuts
may stimulate neurogensis in hippocampus
20
Q
Transmagnetic stimulation
A
for depression
run magnet over CNS
pulse specific brain areas of PFC
21
Q
AT beck
A
cognitive processes
22
Q
cognitive content
A
should - I should be better
23
Q
cognitive process
A
arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
selective abstraction
24
Q
arbitrary inference
A
to arrive at a conclusion where there is no evidence
25
overgeneralization
magnifying negative things - one criticism means a destrcution of everything
26
selective abstraction
taking one detail out of contextr
27
dysfunctional attitudes
im only worth something if everyone loves me
28
cognitive therapy
for depression
automatic thought records
behavioural experiments
29
behavioural treatments
behavioural activation
pleasent event scheduling
30
behavioural activation
getting a person to re-engadge with environment
31
pleasent event scheduling
positive events will precede a depressed persons good mood
32
bipolar disorder characterizations
elevated-mania
lowered-deppresion
33
chacteristics of a manic episode
3 symptoms for at least 1 week
34
3 types of bipolar
bipolar 1
bipolar 2
cyclothymic disorder
35
bipolar 1
classic bipolar
clear manic episodes
36
bipolar 2
hypomanic episodes
37
cyclothymic disorder
duration of 2 years
less severe cycling of mood
38
rapid cycling specifier
at least 4 episodes per year
20-50% people
39
psychotic features specifier
delusions
hallucinations
40
psychosocial contributors to bipolar
stressful life events
sleep disruption
41
bio treatment for bipolar
lithium
42
lithum
for bipolar
50% respond well
many patients stop taking on purpose
43
valproate
anticonvulsant drug
44
anhedonia
loss of ability to experience any pleasure in life
45
hypomania
less severe mania
only has to last 4 days
46
unipolar disorder
experience of either Mania or depression
47
defining recurrent MDD
2 or more MDD episodes
separated by at least 2 months
48
specifier of PDD: pure dysthymic syndrome
Full criteria for a major depressive episode have not been met in at least the preceding 2 years.
49
Specifier of PDD: With persistent major depressive episode
Full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met throughout the preceding 2-year period.
50
Specifer of PDD: intermittent major depressive episodes, with current episode
Full criteria for a major depressive episode are currently met, but there have been periods of at least 8 weeks in at least the preceding 2 years with symptoms below the threshold for a full major depressive episode.
51
Specifier for PDD: intermittent major depressive episodes, without current episode
Full criteria for a major depressive episode are not currently met, but there has been one or more major depressive episodes in at least the preceding 2 years.
52
dexamethasone
part in body that surprises cortisol secretion in healthy individuals
53
tricyclic antidepressant
block reuptakes of certain neurotransmitters
lethal in large dose
downreg - norepinephrine, serotonin
54
MAO inhibiter
antidepressant
blocks enzyme MAO--> which breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin
interaction w/ reg things can be fatal - cheese,redwine
55
SSRI
blocks presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
increases serotonin at receptor sites
56
mindfulness based therapy
good for preventing future relapse
do activities alone
57
psychosocial treatment
30 sessions needed
family focused therapy
regulating sleep, eating cycles
58
2 other parts of suicidal behaviour
suicide attempts
suicidal ideation
59
altruistic/formal suicide
suicides that are approved of
in cases of bringing shame to family
60
egoistic suicide
loss of social support
61
anomic suicide
result of marked disruption eg. job loss
62
fatalistic suicide
loss of control of your own destiny eg.cult
63
Edward shneidman
created the psychological autopsy
64
psychological autopsy
reconstructing the psych profile of someone who committed suicide through interview with friends and family
65
definition of substance
any synthesized or natural product that has psychoactive effects
66
2 substance induced disorders
substance intoxication
substance withdrawal
67
the substance must directly or indirectly effect the brain _____ ______ to be considered a substance use disorder
reward system
68
phramalogical criteria for substance abuse disorders
tolerence
withdrawl
69
alcohol abuse moral defect model
people who abuse alc are seen as people with bad character
70
alcohol abuse psychodynamic model
judgment carried on from moral defect model
idea of weak mind
71
alcohol abuse disease model
idea that alcohol abuse is a disease
72
alcohol abuse behavioural model
due to complex internal conflicts
you learn to abuse through pos/neg reienforcement
73
what does alcohol do to GABA + relevance
alc is a GABA agonist down regulates it
Makes brain more sensitive to its other neurotransmitters (like dopamine ie. pleasure pathway)
74
what does alcohol do to glutamate + relevance
down regulates
glutamate assists with memory --> can contribute to blackouts
75
what does alcohol do to dopamine + relevance
increases bc of the down reg of other transmitters
has to do with please pathway and reward systems
76
respiratory suppression with alc
alcohol suppresses areas in brain which surpress breathing
too much just stops it
77
hemorrhagic pancreatitis
has to filter through so much alcohol that it just stops and bleeds
78
what happens with your neurotransmitters in alc withdrawal
GABA becomes less sensitive
leads to an over active glutamate
leads to cell death
79
why would benzodiazepines be a treatment for alc withdrawal
alc surprises GABA and bentos mimic it
80
pleasure pathway CNS circuit and alc
can affect thus pathway which heavily involves dopamine which controls rewards
81
the DRD2 gene
an allel that makes you more sensitive to dopamine
66% of all alcoholics have iy
82
what classifies a hallucinogen
chemicals that alter sensory info
83
cannabis and endocannobidoid system
body produces endocannaboids
this system controls a lot
external cannabis highjacks
84
THC
a high inducing
85
CBD
anti inflam
more medicinal
86
cannabis and dopemine
decreases activity in dopamine
87
what could decrease of dopamine contribute to in context of cannabis
anti motivational syndrome
88
cannabis and schizophrenia
use can trigger episodes
89
naloxone
agonist
fast acting for overdoses
causes opioid withdrawl
90
naltrexone
for opioid +alc abuse
blocks recptors of pleasure
antagonist
91
what is the differences between an agonist drug and an antagonist drug
agonist - mimics by combining with receptor to bring about action
antagonist - binds with receptor and blocks
92
Buprenorphine
mostly agonist
partial antagonist
93
Acamprosate
agonist
up regulates GABA
protects against withdraw symptoms
94
disulfiram
aversion treatment for alcoholism
prevents breakdown of acetaldehyde
95
use
ingestion of a substance
not always problematic
96
substance use disorder severity range
4-5 symptoms = moderate
6+ = severe
97
5 categories of substance
depressants
stimulants
opioids
hallucinogen
other drugs
98
depressants
decrease activity in central nervous system
reduce psychological arousal
99
which drug is most likely to produce tolerance + withdrawal
depressants
100
route of alcohol through body
passes through esophagus
stomach - small amount absorbed
small intestine - easily absorbed into blood
some to lungs vaporized into your breath
liver - broken down and metabolized carbon dioxide and water enzyme
101
how is alcohol differnt in the way it interacts with receptors
most substances interact with specific receptors
alc interacts with many
102
which near transmitter is especially sensitive to alc
GABA
103
Chloride ion
enters cell bc of GABA
makes cells less sentsitive to other Nerotrasmitters
104
2 organic brain syndromes that can come from drinking
dementia
wernicke - koskoff syndrome
105
what do we believe os the reason these 2 organic brain syndromes come from drinking
theyre from a deficiency of thiamine which is metabolized in heavy drinkers
106
stimulants
induces feelings of elevation
the intense crash
high risk for dependency
107
how do stimulants work
they stimulate norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system
108
cocaine
causes alertness and euphoria
because its a quick hit you're inclined to do more
enters blood stream quickly nd goes straight to. brain
109
tabaco
inhaled into lungs then bloodstream
stimulant in central nervous system and Midtbrain
110
opioid death
slows down your respiratory until you just stop
111
hallucinogens
affects mant recptors at once in multiple ways
for most no withdrawal symptoms
tolerance developed quick
affects sensory
112
cannabis
hallucinogen
can also fall into depressant or stimulant
113
tolerence + cannabis
can be contradictory - more use less tolerance
114
family contributors to substance use disorders in men v women
evidence in women is contradictory and more conclusive in men
115
ability to metabolize alcohol
liver produces - alcohol dehydrogenase
that breaks down acetaldehyde
If not broken down=sick
116
opponent process theory
an increase in postive feelings will be followed by negative - cycle
117
alcohol myopia
a short sightedness of what yo want
118
agonist substitution vs treatment
sub= replacement with safe drug
treatment= block postive effects
119
what was the first behavioural addiction to be recognized
gambling
120
why did they include the behavioural addiction gambling as an addiction disorder
May activate same brain reward system as pharmaceuticals
121
what is psychosis
extreme distortion of reality
delusions
hallucinations
122
symptom requirement for a schizophrenia diagnosis
2+ postive or negative symptoms of psychosis
symptoms for more than 6 months
123
what are positive symptoms
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized thinking
disorganized behaviour
124
5 negative symptoms
affect flattening
avolition
alogia
Anhedonia
asociality
125
Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome
emerges usually during prodromal stage
developing schizophrenic symptoms but you have greater insight that you're wrong
126
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
pervasive social and interpersonal deficits
127
Delusional Disorder
presence of one or more types of delusions
128
types of delusions
- Erotomanic
- Grandiose
– Jealous
– Persecutory
– Somatic
129
Brief Psychotic Disorder
shows positive symptoms
duration less than one month
130
Schizophreniform Disorder
positive AND negative symptoms
1-6 months
131
Schizoaffective Disorder
Mood Disorder plus Schizophrenia
132
what do family studies of schizophrenia show
the closer genetic relation you are to the schizophrenic family member the more likely you are to get it
133
the 2 factor theory on schizophrenia
a dopamine deficiency at D1 receptor site (frontal)
a dopamine excess at D2 receptor sites (striatal)
134
according to the 2 factor theory of schizophrenia how would you treat schizophrenia
a dopamine antagonist
135
contrary evidence to dopamines role in schizophrenia
1. Dopamine antagonists not universally effective
2. Clozapine, a weak dopamine antagonist, is effective
3. Discontinuity between dopamine blockage & symptom change
4. Less helpful in reducing negative symptoms
136
glutamate dysfunction theory in relation to schizophrenia
not enough glutamate because too much dopamine
137
neurodevelopment ideas connected to schizophrenia - signs at birth
Smaller head circumference at birth
Slower to reach developmental milestones
Higher rates of left-handedness
Congenital minor physical & craniofacial anomalies
138
neurodevelopment theory of schizophrenia microglia theory
microglia prunes neurons
complication in that
controlled by - glutamate and GABA
139
First-generation antipsychotic medications
Target positive symptoms
140
Second generation antipsychotics
reduces more negative symptoms than primary
lower rates of side effects
141
what does mental health law balence
Individual rights and fairness
and protection for society
142
what does criminal committment refer to
the patients ability to stand trial and that NCR his an option
143
what does civil commitment refer to
the ability to protect society and deprive the person of their liberty in a psychiatric facility
144
who is in control of criminal commitment
its up to each province
145
2 legal decisions in the context of criminal commitment
competency to stand trial
NCR
146
trial in abstentia
related to competency to stand trial
physically present but mentally absent
147
3 criteria to determine competency to stand trial
(Fitness Interview Test-R)
1. Does the person understand nature and purpose of legal proceedings?
2. Does the person understand the possible or likely consequences of proceedings?
3. Is the person capable of communicating with his/her lawyer?
148
3 outcomes if not competent to stand trial
Conditional discharge
Detain in hospital
Order treatment
149
difference between mental disorder and psychological disorder
MD is a legal term
PD is a medical term
150
2 concepts civil commitment is based on
"parens patriae”, when citizens not able to act in their best interest.
Police power, when there is a need to protect the public
151
criteria to be involuntarily committed
1. Mental illness – Disease of the mind
2. Need for psychiatric treatment
3. Care, supervision, or control is necessary to protect the person or others
4. Or to prevent substantial mental or physical deterioration
152
Kraepelin
categorized schizphrenia by combining symptoms that used to be separate
153
catoania
kraepelin outlined as a symptom of dementia praecox
alternating immobility and excited agitatia
154
hebephrenia
kraepelin outlined as symptom of dementia prearox
acting silly or immature
155
delusions of grandeur
thinking you're important and famous
156
delusion of persecution
thinking people are out to get them
157
avolition
little interest in daily functions
158
alogia
absence of speech
short one word answers
159
anhedonia
lack of pleasure
160
asociality
lack of interest in social events
161
affective flattening
no emotion when they speak
162
cognitive triad
thinking negatively about self, immediate world, future
163
