Midterm 1 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
3 models of psychological disorders
A
Spiritual, biological, psychological
2
Q
psychological dysfunction
A
distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
3
Q
phobia
A
psychological disorder characterized by persistent fear of an object or situation
4
Q
presenting problem
A
why patient comes in
5
Q
incidence
A
number of new cases
6
Q
Time limiting source
A
disorder will improve without treatment in a short time
7
Q
acute onset
A
began suddenly
8
Q
insidious onset
A
gradually developing
9
Q
prognosis
A
the diagnosis
10
Q
etiology
A
the study of the origin of disease
11
Q
spiritual model - what did psych disorders come from
A
devil
punishment from god
witches
moon and stars
overall- out of harmony from a higher being
12
Q
spiritual model - treatments
A
excorcism
prayer
persecution/death
13
Q
biological model - psych disorder causes
A
can be traced back to a biological cause
14
Q
Hippocrates
A
humoral theory
biological model
unbalanced humorous caused psych disorders
15
Q
John P grey
A
biological model
thought pschyological disorders were phyiscal disorders
made hospitals more humane
16
Q
Psychological model
A
focuses on psychology factors but also social, cultural and moral
17
Q
what happens if you don’t correctly go through all stages of psychosexual development
A
you get stuck and hyperfixated on the one you did not go through smoothly
18
Q
ego psychologically (later ideas of psychoanalytic thought)
A
attributes disorders to failure of ego to manage impulse and internal conflict
19
Q
carl rogers
A
psych model
humanistic theory
client directed therapy
if client directs discussion = more honest
mental illness occurs when you are out of touch with guidance system
20
Q
Arab philosophers - reason for psychology disorders
A
psychopathy arose when there was an imbalance between mind and body
21
Q
Canadian Indigenous culture - reason for psych disorders
A
if you don’t respect animals, environment, cosmos you will get mental illness
22
Q
spirituality model today
A
still very important to people
67% are religiously affiliated
25% strongly affiliated
23
Q
humoral theory
A
4 humorals
blood - active + social
yellow bile - anger, impatient
black bile - melancholy
phlegm - passive
out of balance = mental illness
24
Q
rauvolfia
A
an old south asian medicine for psychosis
25
2 schools of thought + differences
German school - focused on psychosis (bio model)
French school - focused on mental processes (psychological model)
26
Emile Kraepeline
2 types of psychosis
Exogenous (external factors) - eg. achlohlism + syphilis
endogenous (internal factors)
27
dementia preacox
Emil Kraepelin name from now schizophrenia
28
general Paresis
brain disease as a result of syphilis
29
involuntional melencholia
Emil Kraepelin name for now depression
30
2 types of neurosis
neurasthenia - weakness of nerves (anxiety)
Psychaesthenia - weakness of psyche (OCD)
31
Early intervention for neurosis
elixers - gin
period of quiet
32
early 20th century bio perspectives
custodial care - asylums
radical semantic procedures
33
Egaz Moniz
lobotomy
surgical opotation with incision to frontal lobe
early 20th century
34
Freeman + Watts
performed labotomies until the 60's
early 20th century
35
Von medusa
used insulin to induce seizures
thought you couldn't have epilepsy and schizophrenia
early 20th century
36
Cerletti + Bini
electric induced seizures
for people with depression
early 20th century
37
1954-1959 medications
phenothiazines
lithium carbonate
38
psychological model explanation
psych disorders arise from life experiences
39
Philippe Pinel
created moral treatment
made asylums more pleasant
insanity was psychological
40
moral treatment
Phillipe Pinel
goal was to arouse positivity
treat patients kindly and w/ respect
formal instruction top redirect mind
200 people
41
moral treatment outcomes
50% released without relapse
6% one relapse then released
20% never discharged
42
decline of moral treatment
paradox
advocated to much for mental heath that more people went to these hospitals
got too overcrowded -not enough staff and funding
43
doraethea dix
championed moral treatment
mental hygiene movement
44
Mesmer
animal magnetism
hypnotized people
a fluid was found in the body which made mental illness - this got it out
early 20th century
45
Charcot
hypnotized people to remove their hysteria
early 20th century
46
janet
we unconsciously repress all bad things
early 20th century
47
Bruer
"Talking cure" if you let them talk about their problems their symptoms went down
Early 20th century
48
Tripartite mind
unconscious, subconscious ,conscious
freud
49
Tripartite Psyche
Frued
Id- animal drives, libido, pleasure principle
Ego- logic and reason
superego- conscious and morality (mediates the 2)
50
Freud - our primary motivations
Libido - sexual
Thanatos - agression
51
5 stages of psychosexual development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, adult
52
what does freud say Defence mechanisms are for
done by ego to control the impulse of the ID. Automatic and unconscious
53
Defence mechanisms
denial, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation, intellectualization
54
Freuds goal
make the unconscious conscious
55
Freuds techniques
Free association - talk w/o structure and therapist interprets
Dream analysis
interpretations of transference - therapist interpretation of projection
56
harry stack sullivan
Interpersonal Dynamic - what you are is how people treat you
57
Otto Kenberg
object relations
we talk in and "introject" significant others around us as ourselves
58
Maslow
Humanistic model
focus on human potential
seek fufillment through personal growth
59
neofruedians
harry stack Sullivan
Otto kenberg
60
bf skinner
operant conditioning
61
operant conditioning
behaviour and how often it happens depends on its consequences and punishments
reward - most affective
punishment
extinction
62
Derek hopko
through operate conditioning taught behaviour modification
adaptive responses
63
Classical Conditioning
you can make a neutral stimulus elicit a condition response
64
Pavlov
classical conditioning
65
Joesph Wolpe
counter conditioning
66
counter conditioning
a treatment for phobias making an cr (Phobias, ptsd) a neutral response
67
maladaptive conditioned emotional response
gradual expose, desenstization, response reversion
OCD
68
Albert Bundra
we learn by observing others
some psychopathy is learned by watching other (phobias, interpersonal skills)
69
AT Beck
thought depressed people think about negative things and not rational or logically
developed Cognitive therapy
70
Thalamus
info hub
transmits sensor/motor info tp amygdala
fast transmission- amygdala for fear response
71
hypothalamus
links nervous system to endocrine system
promotes defensive behaviour
72
limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
basil ganglis
73
amygdala
emotional processing
detects novelty
more active in people with anxiety
74
hippocampus
long term memory
associated with PTSD
75
basil ganglia
controls motor activity
connected to OCD
76
prefrontal cortex
control center
makes decisions and long term plans
left hem - cognitive
right hem- creative
77
percent of CNS neurons in PFC
80%
78
Glutamate
actives brain
memory, learning, communication
overstim- excitoxicity
understim- thinning dendrites +memory
79
Benzodiazepine GABA
reducea arousal
tempers emotional reposnes
80
serotonine
creates stability in emotion and thought
high levels-withdrawal,inhibitian
low- instability, impulsive suicide
81
Norepinephrine
makes you alert
affects adrenaline
82
Dopamine
Pleasure center
reward sensitivity
83
Monamin Oxidase
breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine
84
Katemine
used for pain relief and anaethsia
possibly for depression
85
genes
sequence of DNA molecules
86
base pairs
a combination of 4 nucleotides
87
the 4 nucleotides
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
88
Coding DNA
Genes that contribute to production of protein synthsis
89
number of genes in human body
20,000
90
number of base pairs in human body
9 million
91
chromosomes
series of genes
92
allels
alternative forms of the same genes
mutation
93
Most common polymorphism
single nucleotide polymorphism
one nucleotide of base pair is different
94
what did the human genome project find
coding sequence DNA accounts for 2% of genome
95
where does DNA bind to which affects transcription
promotor region
96
ways promotor regions can affect transcription
silencers - methylation
enhancer - hypermethylation
97
epigenetic
internal + external factors that affect gene expression without altering DNA
98
what do ACE's do to genes
affect gene expression of HPA axis - a major neurological pathway which affects all organs
99
HPA Axis feedback loop process
activated in the hypothalamus
which activates adrenal glands
adrenal glands secrete: adrenaline and cortisol
100
Glucocorticoid and ACE
can turn off cortisol and stop stress
aces can affect that
101
ACE's ans Serotonin
excessive serotonin which can
neurotoxicity- break down brain
depressive symptoms
substance dependence
102
MAO gene and ACE's
disrupts proper synaptic transition
disrupts emotional regulation
103
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Operates in synaptic Clift to keep neurone in balance
104
Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and ACE's
affect cortex thickness in regions related to decisions emotions and memories
105
percentage of genetic contributions to personality and cognitive abilities
30%-50%
106
percentage of genetic contribution to psychological disorders
50%
107
diathesis stress model
individuals inherit multiple gene tendencies to express certainn behaviours, which can be triggered under certain conditions
108
gene environment correlation model
some genes indicate an increased probability of experiencing an adverse life
109
telomeres
structure that caps end of chromosome
can predict life span
110
somatic nervous system
controls muscles
111
automatic nervous system
cardio, endocrine systems
112
sympathy nervous system
mobilizing body in time of stress
113
parasympatic nervous system
to balence sympathic
114
learned helplessness
believing you have no control in life
115
prepared learning
prepared to learn through evolution (eg. afraid of spiders)
116
implicit memories
acts based off things that happened but you can't remember
117
emotion
temporary state
118
mood
persistant state
119
dialectical behaviour therapy
teach distress tolerance
emotional regualtion
interpersonal effectiveness training
120
dynamic interpersonal therapy
emphasis on origin of problems
understand those patterns
121
cognitive bahvioral mindfulness therapy
change relationship with emotions
122
difference between CBT and dynamic
CBT focus on maintaining factors, modify cognition, most work is done outside
dynamic- focus on origin, work done in theapy
123
3 ways to determine assessment value
reliability
validity
standardizationj
124
5 methods of assesment
clinical
observation technique
tests
psychological
life records
125
4 types of clinical interview
openeded
semi structured
mental status exam
behavioural interview
126
5 things to look for in mental status exam
appearance/behavior
thought process
intellectual
sensorium
mood+affect
