FINAL. Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 main functions of the CV system?
A
- transport nutrients to tissues
- transport waste products away from tissues
- transporting hormones: signaling (ex. endocrine system)
2
Q
vascular conductance is the _____ of vascular resistance
A
inverse
3
Q
High conductance = ______ flow
Low conductance = ______ flow
A
high = high
low = low
4
Q
How much blood is found in our veins?
A
64%
5
Q
a system in series will have _____ resistance while a system in parallel will have _____ resistance
A
Series = High
Parallel = Low
6
Q
The greater the cross sectional area, the ______ the velocity of blood flow
A
lower
7
Q
the smaller the cross sectional area, the ___ the velocity of blood flow
A
higher
8
Q
What are the high resistance vessels in the systemic circulation
A
Small arteries and arterioles (mainly arterioles)
9
Q
When measuring blood pressure:
Proximal to the choke point the BP would be _____.
Distal to the choke point the BP would be ______.
A
Proximal: higher
Distal: lower
10
Q
What is it called when we have nice orderly blood flow?
A
laminar flow
11
Q
What is it called when we have disorderly flow..maybe due to a plaque build up.
A
turbulent flow
12
Q
When looking at laminar blood flow, why does the blood in the middle of the tube flow faster?
A
the blood on the outside edges are making contact with the wall which is where the high resistance is
13
Q
How much of our CO goes to the kidneys to be filtered?
A
~22%
14
Q
How can we rearrange ohms law to figure out flow?
A
Flow = delta P / Resistance
15
Q
True/false: If we constrict a vessel to half of its original diameter, we decrease flow by 16 fold
A
true
16
Q
How can we arrange ohms law to solve for resistance?
A
Resistance = Delta P / flow
17
Q
The drop in blood pressure that occurs between large arteries and capillaries is due to what?
A
mainly due to the increase in resistance and NOT due to the face that it has multiple paths to take.
18
Q
if we have decreased total cross sectional area that would cause an _______ in velocity.
A
increase (think aorta)
19
Q
what are capillaries responsible for?
A
exchange of nutrients and waste products
20
Q
blood flow through capillaries is controlled by ______
A
arterioles
21
Q
Why are arterioles good at managing blood flow?
A
bc they have a layer of smooth muscle associated with them
22
Q
true/false: arterioles have two laters of smooth muscle fibers
A
false, roughly four
23
Q
how many capillaries do we have in our body?
A
10+ billion
24
Q
What is the total surface area of all our capillaries combined?
A
500-700 sq meters
25
The blood pressure associated with the arteriole end of the capillaries is _______.
30mmHg
26
The blood pressure associated with the venous end of the capillaries is _______.
10mmHg
27
The average blood pressure associated with the capillaries is _______.
17.3 mmHg
28
Why is the avg blood pressure in the capillaries 17.3 and not 20?
bc it starts small and gets bigger in diameter as it moves towards the venous end
29
Pcap
Art end: 30 mmHg
Avg: 17.3 mmHg
Vein end: 10mmHg
30
Pisf
-3 mmHg
31
Cap oncotic pressure
28 mmHg
32
Isf oncotic pressure
8 mmHg
33
What are the proteins associated with the Cap oncotic pressure
1. Albumin
2. Globulin
3. Fibrinogen
34
What are the proteins associated with the Isf oncotic pressure?
1. proteoglycan filaments
2. Hyaluronic acid
3. collagen
35
The lymphatic system can increase activity by ____
20-40X
36
True/false: If your capillaries become swiss cheese, the lymphatic system will rapidly reuptake the lost proteins.
false. its slow af
37
Kf is the capillary filtration coefficient. What does this look at?
1. permeability
2. surface area
38
In a normal 70 kg patient. How much plasma do we have?
3L
39
In a normal 70 kg patient. How much ISF do we have?
11L
40
In a normal 70kg patient. How much Intracellular fluid do we have?
28L
41
What kind of valves are in the lymphatic system?
one way valves
42
Where do the lymphatics empty?
into the subclavian veins on either side; R lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
43
What is the NFP in a capillary on the arteriole end?
10 mmHg
44
What is the NFP in a capillary on the venous end?
-10 mmHg (net reabsorption pressure = 10 mmHg)
45
What is the NFP in a capillary using the average bp in a cap?
0.3 mmHg (using 17.3)
46
True/false: NaCl is generally small enough to diffuse paracellularly
true
47
MAP in the renal artery
100 mmHg
48
Glomerular capillary pressure
60 mmHg
49
The afferent arteriole is important for
regulating renal blood flow
50
the efferent arteriole is important for
fine tuning GFR
51
If we have an increase in BP what will happen to the afferent arteriole? What will happen to the pressures and GFR?
It will constrict.
-decrease RBF
-decrease Pcap
-decrease GFR
52
If we have a decrease in BP what will happen to the afferent arteriole? what will happen to the pressures and GFR?
It will dilate
-increase RBF
-increase Pcap
-increase GFR
53
Normal GFR
125 mL/min
54
Autoregulation in the nephrons is meant to control what two things?
1. Blood flow
2. Filtration
55
True/False: Autoregulation in the kidney is just as tight as it is in the brain
False
56
If we have constriction of the efferent arteriole, what would that cause?
-decrease RBF
-increase Pcap
-increase GFR
57
If we have dilation of the efferent arteriole what would that cause?
-increase RBF
-decrease Pcap
-decrease GFR
58
What is the oncotic pressure in the afferent art?
28 mmHg
59
what is the oncotic pressure in the efferent art right after glomerular caps?
36 mmHg
60
What is the oncotic pressure in the glomerulus
32 mmHg
61
What is the Ptubule
18 mmHg
62
What is the oncotic pressure in the tubule
0
63
What is the NFP in glomerulus? what favors/opposes filtration?
10 mmHg
favor (Pcap: 60 mmHg)
oppose (Onc Cap: 32 mmHg & Ptubule 18mmHg).
60-18-32= 10
64
How do we find the filtration coefficient
Kf = filtration rate/NFP
Kf = 125mL/min / 10mmHg
Kf = 12.5
65
what is the Pcap at the end of the efferent art?
18mmHg
66
What blood vessel segment has the highest amt of resistance in the kidney?
efferent art
67
How do we know the efferent art has a greater resistance compared to the afferent art
It has a drop in Pcap of 42 mmHg.
afferent art: bp goes from 100 in renal art to 60 in glomerulus (drop of 40)
efferent art: bp goes from 60 in glomerulus to 18 at end of efferent art (drop of 42)
68
Approx ______% of what is filtered gets reabsorbed
99%
69
Oncotic pressure in peritubular caps
32 mmHg
70
Pcap (peritubular cap)
13 mmHg
71
Oncotic ISF (peritubular cap)
15 mmHg
72
Pisf (preitubular cap)
6 mmHg
73
what is the NFP at the peritubular cap? what opposes/favors filtration
-10 mmHg
favor: Pcap 13 mmHg, Onc ISF 15 mmHg
Oppose: Onc CAP 32 mmHg, Pisf 6 mmHg
13 + 15 - 32 - 6 = -10
74
Excretion = what
filtration - reabsorption + secretion
75
If the kidneys decide to filter more fluid at the glomerulus, how would it achieve that?
constriction of efferent art
76
If we have increased filtration at the glomerulus what would happen to the oncotic pressure in glomerulus?
it would increase (become more concentrated)
77
What is normal GFR?
125 mL/min
78
Normal RBF
1100 mL/min
79
normal RPF
660 mL/min
80
normal FF (filtration fraction)
19%
81
How do we find filtration fraction?
FF = GFR/RPF
FF = 125mL/min / 660mL/min
FF = 0.19 (19%)
82
How to we find RBF
its just ~22% of our CO (1100 mL/min)
83
How do we find RPF?
RPF = Plasma % * RBF
RPF = 0.6 * 1100mL/min
RPF = 660 mL/min
(if HCT is 0.4)
84
in response to increased hydrostatic pressure the afferent art will ______
constrict
85
in response to decreased hydrostatic pressure the efferent art will _____
dilate
86
Constriction of either afferent/efferent art will do what to RBF
decrease
87
normal UOP
1mL/min
88
What is an example of something that is filtered and partially reabsorbed
Na
89
Example of something that is filtered and completely reabsorbed
glucose
90
example of something that is filtered and the completely secreted (nothing reabsorbed)
PHA (para aminohippuric acid)
91
what is the innermost layer of the glomerular caps? what is special about this layer
endothelium
has fenestrations
92
what layer in the glomerular caps comes after the endothelium? what is special about this layer
connective tissue called basement membrane. has neg charges to repel things that we dont want to filter like proteins
93
what is the outermost layer in the glomerular caps
epithelium. made up of podocytes used for support due to the high pressure and has slit pores
94
How are podocytes helpful particularly with chronic HTN
prevents swelling of glomerulus
95
how does the kidney handle LT regulation of BP
through RAAS and fluid retention/secretion
96
how does kidney regulate LT pH
short term pH regulator is lungs.
Kidney produces and reabsorbes HCO3 and can also excrete excess protons (H+)
97
LT regulation of RBC by the kidneys
O2 sensor deep in medullary renal interstitum. if pO2 is low erythropoietin is released
98
LT vit D regulation by the kidneys
Vit D is activated by the kidneys, vit d is important for ca reabsorption
99
Drug clearance in kidneys
drugs metabolized in liver and the filtered/secreted by kidneys
100
What do the kidneys have to do with the removal of metabolic waste products
gets rid of them. like nitrogenous compounds (urea)
101
All of the regulatory roles of the kidney is primarily carried out by what?
GFR
102
What are the more superficial nephrons
cortical nephrons
103
what % makes up the cortical nephrons
90-95%
104
what are the deep nephrons
medullary nephrons
105
what % make up the medullary nephrons
5-10%
106
What is the capillary bed that surrounds the tubules of the medullary nephrons?
vasa recta
107
what is special about the vasa recta
has more ascending compared to descending
108
with more split points that exist in the ascending vasa recta, flow velocity will be ______
decreased
109
why is a decrease in velocity in ascending vasa recta helpful?
maintain normal concentration of solutes in the deep medullary interstitum
110
what happens if the velocity in the ascending vasa recta is increased?
ends up washing out the interstitum and then that affects reabsorption
111
True/false: the deep medullary is sensitive to low BP and has limited O2 delivery
true
112
Where do the kidneys sit?
slightly below diaphragm
113
What sits on top of each of the kidneys
adrenal glands
114
The superior lateral side of the right kidney comes into contact with what organ?
liver
115
the right kidney comes into contact with what organs
liver and colon
116
the left kidney comes into contact with what organs
stomach, spleen, pancreas, and descending colon
117
The top lateral side of the left kidney comes into contact with what organ
spleen
118
green
zona glomerulosa
119
where is aldosterone released?
from the zona glomerulosa
120
blue
zona fasciculata
121
pink
zona reticularis
122
yellow
medulla
123
what is released from the medulla
catecholamines
124
what is released from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
cortisol and androgens
125
what is the ratio of epi:norepi
4:1
126
blue
minor calyx
127
pink
major calyx
128
contact with liver:
red
liver (hepatic surface)
129
contact with liver:
yellow
colon (right colic flexure surface)
130
contact with liver:
blue
duodenal surface
131
contact with liver:
orange
stomach (gastric surface)
132
contact with liver:
purple
spleen (splenic surface)
133
contact with liver:
pink
pancreas (pancreatic surface)
134
contact with liver:
green
descending colon (descending colic surface)
135
artery & veins:
light blue
interlobular
136
artery and veins:
Green
segmental
137
artery and veins:
purple
arcuate
138
artery and veins:
orange
interlobar
139
pink
renal artery. obvi
140
dark blue
renal vein
(wow you're literally so smart)
141
Name the renal arteries in sequential order starting with the renal artery.
1. renal art
2. segmental art
3. interlobar art
4. arcuate art
5. interlobular art
142
