Final Flashcards

Question

Etiological factors of schizophrenia

Answer 1

Prenatal virus exposure: high rates of schizophrenia associated with flu Birth complications: perinatal hypoxia Neurotransmitters: overactive dopamine in mesolimbic pathway, underactive dopamine in prefrontal areas Positive symptoms from overactivity and negative symptoms from underactivity

Answer 2

Abnormal functioning in dopamine in prefrontal - deficits in working memory - difficulty in attending relevant information - difficulty in social situations

Answer 3

Stress - psychotic episodes often follow periods of high stress Interaction between life stress and genetic vulnerability Family communication patterns - expressed emotion: critical comments, hostility, emotional over involvement, lack of warmth - increases risk of relapse

Answer 4

genetic vulnerability with stress of financial insecurity leads to schizophrenia

Answer 5

people with schizophrenia drift downwards socioeconomically due to disorder

Answer 6

Family therapy - beneficial for families with high expressed emotion, helps facilitate healthy dialogue and help members understand disorder, teaches communication and problem solving, stops over involvement Social skills training & Stress management training - Improves relationship building, problem solving, can be group or individual, stress training help manage stress, likely uses homework CBT - targets negative cognitive distortions Never done alone, always with medication

Answer 7

Alcohol, Caffeine, cannabis, inhalant, opioid, sedative/ hypnotic anxiolytic, stimulant, tobacco, other

Answer 8

Requirements: Impairment of control Social impairment Risky use Pharmacological dependence 2+ following symptoms occuring within 12 month period: Taken larger amount then intended Persistent desire/ unsuccessful efforts to reduce or stop Great time spent using, recovering, or obtaining Craving Failure to fulfill social, personal or professional obligations Continued use despite social or interpersonal problems Activities given up to use Recurrent use in hazardous situations Recurrent use despite psych/ phys problems Tolerance Withdrawal

Answer 9

Intoxication Withdrawal substance/ medication induced

Answer 10

Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Opioids other

Answer 11

#1 worldwide psychoactive substance Binds to GABA and Glutamate receptors Intoxication: low doses = self confidence, relation, slight euphoria, disinhibition High doses = fatigue, lethargy, discoordination, blackout, impaired respiration, death

Answer 12

Appear after heavy bout of drinking when BAC returns to 0 Headache, fatigue, lightheadedness, dehydration, anxiety, agitation, low mood Caused by dehydration, sleep deprivation, and cytokines (inflammatory makers)

Answer 13

First few hours causes shakes, weakness, cramps, perspiration, nausea, headache 12h-3 days: convulsive seizures, delirium tremens: hallucinations, delusions, fever, perspiration, irregular heartbeat

Answer 14

80% of canadians drink - more men AUD: 18.1% lifetime, 3.2% past year Prevalence: 4.7% for men, 1.7% for women

Answer 15

Alcohol has initially stimulating effects , but then has sedating effects as BAC decreases

Answer 16

Can cause cancer, cirrhosis of liver, FAS, and alcohol related dementia

Answer 17

Opium comes from poppy plant Morphine, heroin, fentanyl Bind to opioid receptors Causes euphoria, relaxation, dulled senses

Answer 18

itchiness, impaired respiration, nausea, vomiting

Answer 19

13% (2% non-medical) 13.9% women vs 12.1% men Heroin <1% - more use among men esp injection

Answer 20

Caused by THC Binds to cannabinoid receptors Intoxication: Mild changes in perception, euphoria, analgesia Hallucination, panic, anxiety, paranoia

Answer 21

irritability, insomnia, vivid dreams/nightmares, disrupted appetite

Answer 22

deficits in working and short term memory, amotivational syndrome, psychotic episodes Possible benefits for glaucoma, anti-nausea, epilepsy, everything else is anecdotal

Answer 23

Benzos for withdrawal Naltrexone (opioid antagonist) Antabuse (blocks metabolism of acetaldehyde)

Answer 24

Naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) Methadone (opioid agonist) Buprenorphine/ naloxone

Answer 25

12 step AA CBT Contingency management Motivational interviewing

Answer 26

Abstinence Moderation Harm reduction

Answer 27

complex pattern of behaviour, thought and feeling Personality - typical ways of acting thinking believing and feeling Considered stable across time and situations

Answer 28

long standing pattern of maladaptive behaviours thoughts and feelings Develops in adolescence Tend to be highly comorbid meaning that the way we diagnose them isn’t totally accurate Most people see their “way of seeing” as normal These people rarely come in for their personality - often come in with depression, anxiety or other conditions where in assessment it’s determined that they may have a personality disorder

Answer 29

Odd-eccentric Paranoid Schizotypal Schizoid

Answer 30

pervasive distrust of others - runs in families

Answer 31

lack of desire to form personal relationships - could look like social anxiety

Answer 32

odd cognitions and behaviours - looks closest to schizophrenia - could be odd beliefs or magical thinking, just short of hallucinations Often thought of as part of schizophrenia spectrum But not completely out of touch with reality

Answer 33

Emotional dysregulation Borderline Histrionic Antisocial Narcissistic

Answer 34

presence of conduct disorder before age of 15 Failure to conform Deceitfulness Impulsivity, failure to plan ahead Irritability and aggressiveness Reckless disregard for safety of self or others Consistent irresponsibility Lack of remorse Everyone who has psychopathy has ASPD, but not everyone with ASPD has psychopathy

Answer 35

most don't think they need it Aim to recognize triggers and develop alternative coping strategies Some aim to develop empathy Drug treatment evidence is inconclusive

Answer 36

pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Answer 37

four major categories Cognitive dysregulation Identity disturbance - struggle with forming core sense of self Chronic feelings of emptiness Impulsivity - Binge eating, reckless sexual or driving behaviour Emotion dysregulation - heightened emotion without skills to manage Interpersonal problems - fears of abandonment

Answer 38

biosocial model (Lineham - DBT queen) Extreme emotional reactions lead to impulsivity Emotional experiences are discounted, criticized by others (invalidating environment) Support from others is necessary to cope How emotionally sensitive one is to environment - more reactive

Answer 39

Grandiose sense of self-importance Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love Believes they are special and can only be understood by other high status people Requires excessive admiration Sense of entitlement Interpersonally explosive Lacks empathy Arrogant, haughty behaviours or attitudes

Answer 40

pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive, clingy behaviour and fear of separation

Answer 41

pervasive pattern of extreme social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and sensitivity to rejection

Answer 42

drive for orderliness, organization, extremely high perfectionism Some cognitive behavioural treatments shown to be effective

Answer 43

Categorical/ disease models Criteria overlap Subjective criteria/ diagnostic reliability problems Gender and ethnic bias - black people more likely to be diagnosed with ASPD and paranoid PD, women are more diagnosed with BPD and histrionic PD

Answer 44

Hybrid dimensional/ categorical system General criteria for PD (based on dimensional scales) Personality functioning in self identity and interpersonal domains (empathy and intimacy) 0-4 scale Dimensional traits in 5 domains - reflect Big 5 Antagonism v agreeableness Detachment v extraversion Disinhibition (impulsivity) v conscientiousness Negative affectivity v emotional stability Psychoticism v lucidity (grounded stability) Six possible personality disorder types: avoidant, schizotypal, antisocial, narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, borderline

Answer 45

some form of inherited biological vulnerability interacts with environmental stressors Several genes have been implicated in schizophrenia - not one specific gene can tell whether someone will develop disorder or is vulnerable

Answer 46

End state of atypical development At all stages of development risk for schizophrenia can increased Maternal infection is associated with increased risk In utero exposure to famine has been linked to increased risk of disorder People with this disorder often displayed developmental delays as children Atypical social development as children Many display mental health difficulties of other kinds earlier in life

Answer 47

Culture play role in positive symptoms of disorder where asd negative, cognitive symptoms and thought disorder are seen consistently across cultures Religion plays role in type of delusions and hallucinations People who see things are treated with deep respect in many cultures Some cultures incorporate traditional healers to treatment

Answer 48

urban upbringing, migration, childhood trauma, low intelligence, and drug abuse

Answer 49

Only affects women Parents or medias faut People with ed are underweight

Answer 50

Depressants that inhibit activity in CNS Sleep and antianxiety drugs Small doses cause mild euphoria Larger doses cause slurred speeches, poor motor coordination, impairment of judgement and concentration, eventual sleep induction Similar to alcohol behaviour Very large barbiturate doses lower respiration, blood pressure and heart rate, can cause suffocation, and coma due to depressing CNS

Answer 51

Tolerance to barbiturates develops fast Tolerance to benzos develops slower Trying to abstain with a high tolerance may lead to extreme withdrawal including delirium, convulsions, and sleep disturbances similar to alcohol withdrawal

Answer 52

CNS stimulant related to amphetamines Stimulants create effect by influencing uptake of dopamine When inhaled, nicotine enters the lungs and reaches the brain in seconds. stimulates the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. thought to contribute to its rewarding and addictive properties Dependence of nicotine seen to be greater than other addictive substances Develops quick Withdrawal when stopping

Answer 53

have effects on the body similar to the naturally occurring hormone adrenalin. Meth Speed when injected, ice/crystal when smoked ADHD meds, MDMA orginally nasal decongestant

Answer 54

Increases alertness and attention Improved cognitive tasks Can also induce extraversion and confidence at a highr dose Can also cause anxiety at high dose

Answer 55

Fatigue and sadness. Social withdrawal and intense anger. High doses can cause toxic psychosis (hallucinations, delirium, paranoia) To counter sleeplessness, users often rely on depressants like tranquilizers, barbiturates, or alcohol Irregular heartbeat, blood preasure fluctuations, hold/cold flashes, nausea, dilation of pupils Weight loss after a while High doses can cause seizures and coma Tolerance develops quickly

Answer 56

Can quickly cause euphoria and confidence - alert and talkative increases the availability of dopamine With high dose: CNS is overstimulated Poor muscle control, confusion, anger Continues can cause Weight loss, insomnia, mood swings Toxic psychosis Physical symptoms include blood pressure and body temp increase, and irregular heartbeat

Answer 57

Caused by chronic cannabis use a continuing pattern of apathy, profound self-absorption, detachment from friends and family, and abandonment of career and educational goals.

Answer 58

change a person’s mental state by inducing perceptual and sensory distortions or hallucinations. Hallucinogens have an excitatory effect on the CNS and mimic the effects of serotonin by acting upon serotonin receptors in the brain stem and cerebral cortex.

Final Flashcards

(82 cards)