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Psychopathology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Statistical concept of abnormality and it’s flaw

A

Abnormality as someone who’s behaviour is abnormal based on general statistics - flaw is anxiety and depression are not statistically infrequent but still require treatment

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2
Q

Personal distress concept of abnormality and its flaw

A

Abnormality as someone who experience personal distress - mania and psychosis often don’t cause distress

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3
Q

Violation of norms as concept for abnormality and its flaw

A

People who violate norms are abnormal - norms are culturally relevant

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4
Q

Diagnosis by an expert as concept for abnormality

A

use of the DSM by a professional - the DSM is flawed and has overlap in disorders, professionals often carry biases or abuse power

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5
Q

How abnormality is actually defined

A

A combination of all four: statistical deviance, personal distress, violation of norms, and diagnosis by an expert to determine if a persons behaviour is abnormal or counts as psychopathology

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6
Q

Describe how culture (or context) plays a role in determining whether a behavior is abnormal

A

what could be considered a violation of a norm in Canada could be perfectly acceptable in other cultures and places, with Canada’s diverse background we have to consider how these cultural differences affect diagnosis and that a behaviour can’t be defined as abnormal from just one clue or context.

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7
Q

DSM definition of Psychological disorders

A

Psychological, behavioural, or biological dysfunction that are unexpected within their cultural context and associated with present distress, impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, or pain.

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8
Q

Dysfunctional behaviour

A

Interferes with individuals ability to function in daily life

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9
Q

Distress

A

Symptoms causing individual some form of extreme discomfort

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10
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour unusual/ unexpected given context

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11
Q

Four D’s of maladaptive behaviour

A

Dysfunction, distress, deviance, dangerousness

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12
Q

Supernatural theories

A

Psychopathology caused by demons, treated using exorcisms

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13
Q

Historical Biological theories

A

Healing the body to treat psychological disorders - syphilis causing general paresis

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14
Q

Historical Psychological theories

A

Rest, relaxation, changing then environment for treatment historically

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15
Q

Equifinality

A

Multiple pathways to one outcome

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16
Q

Multifinality

A

Single risk factor leading to multiple outcomes - ex. Death in family could lead to depression, anxiety, eating disorder or PTSD

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17
Q

Etiology

A

Origins, where does psychopathology come from? Theories for cause of psychopathology influences treatment approaches

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18
Q

biological influences for psychopathology

A

Structural - Lesions, abnormalities in structure of brain
Biochemical - neurotransmitter or hormone deficiencies, poor functioning of receptors
Genetic - genetic abnormalities, combination of specific genes (polygenic)
Gene-environment interactions

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19
Q

Polythetic approach to DSM

A

Disorders are defined by multiple symptoms, but an individual doesn’t have to have them all to qualify for diagnosis - two people with same disorder could have no overlapping symptoms

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20
Q

Hindbrain

A

Motor functioning - most basic level

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21
Q

Midbrain

A

Sleep wake cycle, arousal

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22
Q

Forebrain

A

Higher level of functioning, thinking, behaviour, self regulation

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23
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Advanced thinking processes

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24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates eating, drinking, sexual behaviours
Influenced basic emotions: pleasure and pain

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25
Limbic system
Regulates instinctive emotions
26
Serotonin
Emotions and impulses
27
Dopamine
Reinforcements/ rewards, related to control over muscles (Parkinson’s)
28
Norepinephrine/ noradrenaline
Produced mainly in brain stem, stress hormone Constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure
29
GABA & Glutamate
GABA - Inhibitory Glutamate - excitatory
30
GABA & Glutamate
GABA - Inhibitory Glutamate - excitatory
31
HPA Axis
Disregulation leads to difficulty managing stress Linked to depression and anxiety Feedback loop where cortisol produced sends feedback to hypothalamus about producing more
32
Psychodynamic theories
Unconscious conflicts between desires and constraints
33
Behavioural theories
Reinforcements and punishments for behaviours and feelings Operant and classical conditioning or combination as means for psychopathology Social learning theory: modelling and observation is how behaviour is learned (Bandura)
34
Positive punishment
Stimulus added - behaviour decreases ex. Spanking
35
Negative reinforcement
Stimulus removed - behaviour increases Ex. Taking away kids chores for keeping their room clean all week
36
Behavioural therapy
Exposure therapy Identifying reinforcements and punishments leading to maladaptive behaviour and then changing that behaviour
37
Cognitive theories
Thoughts and beliefs shape our emotions and behaviour Levels of cognition: schemas are core beliefs, then we have immediate beliefs which we pay selective attention to based on schema, then there’s automatic thoughts which is jumping to conclusions based on schema
38
Limitation of cognitive therapy
Difficult to prove that dysfunctional thoughts are cause rather then consequence of the problem
39
Limitation of cognitive therapy
Difficult to prove that dysfunctional thoughts are cause rather then consequence of the problem
40
Humanistic theories
All humans strive to fulfill their potential for good - self actualization Pressures to society and conformity lead to inability to fulfill this potential and bring distorted perspective of the self
41
Emotion focused approaches
Prop emotion regulation leads to psychopathology Treatment goal is to understand and regulate emotions - DBT, ACT
42
Social and interpersonal approaches and family systems theory
Focus on how larger social structure in an individuals life - context and environment focused - peer groups Family dysfunction caused disorder and dysfunction
43
Sociocultural theory
Larger societal structures and how they impact psychopathology Ex. Western society breeding eating disorders with societal beauty standards
44
Diathesis stress model
Vulnerability to disorder could occur at any level and so could trigger to disorder
45
Biopsychosocial model
Disorder is caused by multiple factors of all levels - integrated approach more accurate to how disorder occurs
46
Information gathered on clinical assessment:
Symptoms: what they are, how long, interfere with life and functioning Recent events Family history Physical/neuron factors Drug and alcohol use Cognitive functioning - learning disabilities, dementia Suicidality
47
Mental status exam
Clinical interview where clinicians assesses behaviour and appearance, mood and the way they answer questions and awareness of surroundings to to determine if they are experiencing psychotic symptoms
48
What’s was the first psychopharmalogical drug and how did it come about?
Chlorpromazine - was used to calm down patients before surgery and lady thought it would work for schizophrenia
49
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic and automatic nervous system Somatic - controls muscles Automatic: sympathetic and parasympathetic: function together to make heart rate, digestive, sexual arousal, breathing go right - involved in fear and anxiety reactions - may increase ptsd or anxiety risk
50
Freud’s leaves of consciousness
Unconscious: repressed memories and desires that can only be brought out with great difficulty Pre conscious: thoughts not in our mind presently but can be brought forth when prompted Conscious: everything we are currently aware of
51
Freud levels of awareness
Id - instinctual desires (pleasure principle) Ego: curbs desires of id, tries to mediate Superego: moral principle
52
Behavioural observations
Often done with children Self monitoring - keeping log of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours May be in vivo observation - observing naturally in real life environments Analogue - observation done in artificial setting to mimic real setting to elicit specific behaviour
53
Cognitive behavioural assessment
Understanding how thoughts relate to maladaptive behaviours 1. How biases in information processing are related to development of mental disorders 2. Who might be at rain for processing info in a pathological way 3. How CB treatments eliminate or reduce processing bias
54
EEG
Uses electrodes placed on head to measure electrical activity, impulses are able to amplify and record activity in brain
55
CT
X-rays create 2-D image of brain
56
MRI
Non invasive way of seeing structure and function of brain Strong Magnetic field is made around head to show small changes in water concentration in brain
57
MRI
Non invasive way of seeing structure and function of brain Strong Magnetic field is made around head to show small changes in water concentration in brain
58
fMRI
Provides dynamic view of metabolic changes occurring Can show what brain regions are associated with different disorders
59
PET
Radiation is injected and goes to brain, allows measuring of biological activities and processes in brain Can show distribution on neurotransmitters
60
PET
Radiation is injected and goes to brain, allows measuring of biological activities and processes in brain Can show distribution on neurotransmitters
61
Neuropsychological
Used to determine relations between behaviour and brain function, can find brain impairments
62
Validity
ACCURACY is experiment measuring what it’s supposed to be? Internal: degree to which changes in dependent variable are a result of the manipulation of independent variable - internal integrity of study External: generalizability of findings and how much they can apply to other individuals in other settings
63
Reliability
CONSISTENCY Will the same results be shown if study is repeated?
64
Quasi experimental study
Participants in experimental group are not randomly assigned but selected based on specific characteristics - allows for meaningful analysis of aspects of psych disorders but cannot be studied by experiment
65
Scientific method
Theory - hypothesis - collect and analyze data - draw and share conclusions
66
Case studies
Detailed study of small group of individuals - can provide lots of info and treatment options for one or few people - can’t be applied to general group
67
Correlational studies
Relationships between two variables without any manipulation
68
Correlational studies
Relationships between two variables without any manipulation
69
How to make causal inference
- correlation (positive or negative) - proper temporal relationship which one comes first - rule out other variables
70
Experimental study
Random sample from population is tested with control group and manipulation of variables
71
Epidemiological research
Study of incidence (number of new cases to disorder over period of time) and prevalence (frequency of disorder in population)
72
Epigenetics
Study of modifications of gene expressions that are caused by mechanisms and other changes in underlying DNA sequence
73
Statistical vs clinical significance
Statistical: experimental results deemed significant if it is extremely unlikely results obtained could have occurred by chance - p= 0.5 Clinical: treatments practical utility and applicability to natural environments
74
Normative comparison
Compares treatment results to non- disturbed population
75
Effect size
Measurement of how strong of an effect a certain intervention/ treatment has
76
Family history studies
Identify probands (people with disorder) Identify controls ( family members without disorder) Compare rates of disorder in family Shared environments have to be considered here not just genetics
77
Twin studies
Determine contribution of genetics to disorder by comparing identical and fraternal twins.
78
Questionnaires and their flaws
Ex. Beck anxiety and depression test Not diagnostic but help to understand symtoms person is experiencing Peoples perception alters answers, people also lie, must consider context
79
Passive gene environment correlation
Parent influences genotype but also environment to create aligning outcome
80
Evocative (reactive) gene environment correlation
Heritable behaviours encourage an environmental response
81
Active gene environment correlation
People with certain heretible traits through genotype will be more likely to actively select certain environments
82
Assessments of intelligence
First widely accepted psychological testing 1883 - tests to see if intelligence was hereditary came - IQ shows more stability over time then any other trait
83
Inter-rater reliability
Refers to extent to which two clinicians agree on diagnosis of one patient - most common reason for this is inadequate diagnostic system
84
Concurrent validity
Refers to ability of a diagnostic category to estimate what other factors not in diagnostic criteria could be present. Ex. Schizophrenia and downward socioeconomic shift.
85
Predictive validity
Ability of a test to predict future course of disorder progression
86
Two factor theory
Fears are learned through classical conditioning but maintained through operant conditioning

Psychopathology (3 decks)

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