Midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

Bipolar 1&2

Answer 1

Manic or hypomanic Elevated mood periods Both require three of following symptoms: Grandiosity or inflated self esteem Decreased need for sleep More talkative Flight of ideas Distractibility Increase in goal directed activities Excessive involvement in high risk activities

Answer 2

Manic: 1 week at least OR hospitalization at any point Hypomanic: at least 4 consecutive days Hypomania does not have psychotic features, impairment in functioning or necessary hospitalization, mania could have these symptoms Duration and severity differentiate between hypomania and mania

Answer 3

1 or more lifetime manic episodes History of MDE not required but usually depression Many also have hypomanic episodes Equally common in men and women

Answer 4

One or more MDE One or more hypomanic episodes No history of manic episodes Equally common in men and women 1-year prevalence 0.3% of people

Answer 5

Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and subclinical depression for more then 2 years Can’t be symptom free for more than two months No MDE or Manic episodes Can develop in adolescence or early adulthood Increases risk for developing full blow MDE or manic episodes

Answer 6

MDD: 0.36 Bipolar: 0.75

Answer 7

Serotonin: mood, anxiety, aggression, eating, sleeping, pain, sexual behaviour, memory Norepinephrine: regulates arousal, energy, activity, appetite - more in BP Dopamine: pleasure, reward, mood, attention, activity - low levels associated with depression

Answer 8

Environmental events can modify gene expression, affect brain functioning Early life stress - altered gene expression in hippocampus - greater HPA stress response in adulthood - increased vulnerability for depression

Answer 9

Beck’s model: depressive self schema - faulty information processing - negative thoughts about self, world , future Hopelessness model: if you attribute negative events internally, these views are stable and you think it will never improve, global thinking - implied to things beyond just negative event Interpersonal theories: How social relationships impact depression Marital dissatisfaction is strongly related to depression Lack of social and family support is related to depression Stress generation hypothesis; individuals with depression are more likely to experience negative stressful life events Excessive reassurance seeking

Answer 10

Stressful life events - may trigger new episodes Sensitivity to reward Changes in bodily rhythms or usual routines

Answer 11

SSRI’s - relief within a couple weeks, less severe side effects SSNRI’s - wellbutrin ECT - given when patient doesn't respond to treatment after 2 types of medication Relieves depression in 50-60% but 85% relapse rTMS - patient stays awake, few side effects, magnetic fields stimulating brain

Answer 12

Mood stabilizers - Lithium - ED and LD are very close so regular blood work must be done Anticonvulsants Atypical Antipsychotics Treated as chronic conditions - remain on medication through lifetime

Answer 13

Interpersonal and social rhythms therapy - help build support and maintain routine Family-focused therapy - educating family members, learning communication CBT

Answer 14

cognitive states that make you susceptible to suicidal ideation - thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness Both cognitive states plus capability for suicide required as risk for suicide

Answer 15

fearlessness (about death) and pain tolerance - these things are acquired over time through environment (ex. war) Plus thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness

Answer 16

Decrease burdensomeness and increase belongingness Interpersonal coping skills Challenging untrue beliefs Activities that foster connectedness Crisis intervention: Hospitalization Suicide hotlines Medication DBT:

Answer 17

Ideation Substance use Purposelessness Anxiety Trapped Hopeless Withdrawal Anger Recklessness Mood changes

Answer 18

Restriction of intake leading to low body weight Intense fear of weight gain Disturbance in body image

Answer 19

Atypical Restricting Binge eating/ Purging

Answer 20

Perfectionism High intellectual functioning fidgety/ restless Food rituals and strict rules around eating Cold High comorbidity with depression and anxiety

Answer 21

Took group of men and restricted their calorie intake and required to walk a lot for several weeks and then were refed, tracking their metabolism and relating it to refeeding people after the war These men ended up exhibiting AN symptoms - effects of disorder are due to starvation and did not come before disorder

Answer 22

constipation , cold intolerance Major organ failure cardiovascular complication Kidney and liver damage Osteoporosis Impaired immune functioning

Answer 23

1–2% prevalence Least prevalent disorder 90% diagnosed are women - men often don't seek treatment Usually begins in adolescence 15-19 Often chronic course - long standing if left untreated Early intervention important Standardized mortality rate - 5.86

Answer 24

Recurrent episodes of binge eating Recurrent episodes of compensatory behaviour: excessive exercising, self induced vomiting, fasting, taking laxatives Must occur once per week for three month period Self evaluation heavily influenced by shape or weight These behaviors with low weight - receive diagnosis of ANBP Average or above weight - Bulimia Binge: eating an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar context - loss of control over eating during episode

Answer 25

Not die to starvation but binging and purging Electrolyte imbalance - affects potassium and cardiac Erosion of enamel on teeth Enlarged salivary glands Ruptured esophagus Ruptured stomach

Answer 26

Recurrent episodes of binge eating in the absence of compensatory behaviours Need three symptoms: Eating faster Eating until uncomfortable Eating when not hungry Eat alone due to embarrassment Feeling depressed, disgusted or guilty about overeating

Answer 27

Atypical AN: meets all criteria for AN but is not low weight Subthreshold BN Subthreshold BED Purging Disorder - no binge, just self induced vomiting to influence shape or weight Night Eating Syndrome Represents MOST cases of eating disorders

Answer 28

Canadian adolescents between 11 and 20- 2.2% of boys, 4.5% of girls had current symptoms of full blown eat disorder And additional 1.1% of boys and 5.1% of girls had subthreshold eating disorder symptoms By midlife 15% of women have had an eating disorder OFSED was most common lifetime eating disorder affecting 7.6% of surveyed women Prevalence has been increasing - unsure if this is due to more cases or better detection Large proportion of individuals with ED do not seek help

Answer 29

recurrent and uncontrollable thoughts, impulses, or ideas that individual finds anxiety provoking r distressing

Answer 30

repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts that are intended to reduce anxiety

Answer 31

Presence of either obsessions or compulsions Obsessions tend to be more bizarre and involve more vivid imagery then just uncontrollable worrying thoughts Thoughts that are unwanted are ignored or suppressed through efforts of neutralizing In order to be considered compulsions acts must serve purpose of alleviating anxiety Must be considered excessive or have little connection with thought or event they are trying to avoid Spending more than 1 hour a day engaged in OC acts

Answer 32

Basal ganglia controls motor behaviour, frontal cortex responsible for higher cognitive functioning like abstract reasoning and decision making these areas are connected with loop system allowing info to travel back and forth Structural and or functional abnormalities in this brain system may be responsible for OC One study shows patients with OCD have less brain volume in frontal cortex and more brain volume in basal ganglia

Answer 33

Serotonin deficiency thought to be involved cuz SSRI’s effective in treating OCD - evidence inconclusive

Answer 34

obsessions are caused by reaction to intrusive thoughts because these individuals have high personal responsibility Compulsions are reinforced when negative event doesn't occur

Answer 35

Distress and impairment Severe enough to lower quality of life Chronic and frequent enough to interfere with functioning

Answer 36

Exposure to traumatic event by direct experience or learning they occurred to close person Presence of one or more of following intrusions: Recurrent memories of event Distressing dreams Disassociative reactions Physiological cues that resemble event Negative alterations in cognitions Depression symptoms

Answer 37

Low socioeconomic status, education, and intelligence testing Previous psychiatric history Childhood adversity

Answer 38

ways traumatic memories are stored and retrieved differently than non traumatic memories Traumatic memories may be stored and retrieved in non-verbal-sensory-based instead of verbal form like non traumatic memories These sensory memories need to be transferred into verbal memories in order to process event which can be achieved through writing and talking about event in therapy

Answer 39

Dysfunction in brain areas associated with processing and responding quickly to threat Brainstem, amygdala, frontotemporal cortex HPA axis functioning Decreased cortisol and enhanced negative feedback of adrenal functioning Less volume in hippocampus - unsure if these reductions represent cause or effect

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(63 cards)