Final Flashcards
1
Q
what war was 67-71 AD
A
jewish war
2
Q
what was destroyed in the jewish war
A
Jerusalem and holy structures by rome
3
Q
how long were christians persecuted by the romans
A
71-313
4
Q
what did Constantine do for toleration
A
he made the edict of Milan (edict of toleration) in 313
5
Q
what did the edict of Milan do?
A
made people tolerate christianity
6
Q
what were the gospels in the bible
A
mathew mark luke and john
7
Q
what were acts in the bible
A
part two of luke
8
Q
what were the epistles
A
paul peter james jude and john (taught instruction)
9
Q
what were the apocalyptic chapters
A
revalation
10
Q
when was christianity officialized
A
early 4th century
11
Q
how many people converted to christianity
A
10% east and 5% west
12
Q
who and when made christianity the official religion
A
theodosius I, 318
13
Q
pros and cons of officialization
A
pro: spurred growth of religion
con: married gov. and faith/syncretism
14
Q
what is syncretism
A
merging two things together to make them be something very different
15
Q
what was the church equivalent to and emperor
A
pope
16
Q
what was the church equivalent to senators
A
cardinals
17
Q
what was the church equivalent to procurator/proconsuls
A
bishops
18
Q
what was the church equivalent to the roman legal system
A
church rules and regulations
19
Q
what was the church equivalent to provinces
A
dioceses
20
Q
who was marcus aurelius
A
-last of the 5 good emperors
-pax romana ends w death
21
Q
what statue has a baby on their chest
A
marcus aurelia
22
Q
what statue has a tiger hide on
A
Commodus
23
Q
who was Commodus
A
-hercules 2.0
-fascinated with killing
-senators and generals hated him
-attempted poisoning
-strangled by Nariusees
24
Q
what happened during the decline of respect for imperial authority
A
- assassination of Severus
- courts overruled by force
- bribery and corruption
25
what did Diocletian do for the reorganization of Rome
- divided the empire
- dominance of the east
- economies fixing
26
what did diocletian do for the economy
- price ceilings on consumer goods
- tried coinage
- raised taxes
27
what happened during the fall of the western empire
- 8 year civil war
— all government transfers east
28
when did the vandal raids in rome occur
410-455
29
who was the German chieften
King of Italy, Odoácer
30
when were the dark ages
500-800
31
who were the rulers during the dark ages
Clovis, Charles Martel, Pepin the short, Charlemagne (Carlos Magnus)
32
what happened with the germans and romans after the wars
their cultures blended
33
what were romes and Germanics religion originally
animists (anything that moved could be a god)
34
35
who converted to christianity in 450-700
most of the roman empire
36
why did bishops and priests want to convert kings and chieftans
because they would convert their underlings
37
who was still pagan during the dark ages
most of the lower class
38
describe Germanic Law
- based of custom and tradition
- extremely pragmatic
- no room for interpretation
39
what were the key elements to germanic law
- prevented personal violence
- recouping financial loss
- wergeld (financial compensation for things that can be killed or damaged)
40
what was the female status at this time
- romans married germanic women
- had more rights than romans
- widows of rulers succeeded husbands (queens and princesses)
- women of child bearing age were highly valued (wergeld)
41
what took place in the european dark ages
- lack of documentation
- ignorance of the people
- ignorance of lower level clergy
- immoral and secular upper clergy
- all education was church controlled
42
what caused the decline if roman cities
high value people moved into manors and villas
43
how did were the manors and villas protected
- private armies
- mercenaries
- knights
44
describe the vassalage system
- vassal (everyone)
—wasso:servant
—fief: had land/area of responsibility
-feudal
—fidelitas: faith/faithful
— served, payed taxes, loyalty in exchange for security protection
45
who was Charlemagne
- king of the Franks
- declared Holy Roman Emperor
- an attempt to revive Roman order
- Constantinople did not like him
46
describe the Carolingian Renaissance
- revival of higher education
- stronger ties between church and state
47
why did the Carolingian empire disintegrate
Charlemagne died
48
what happened after 395
east and west no longer united politically
49
when did the roman empire end
480
50
who was the Byzantine Empire
the Eastern empire
51
describe Muhammed the prophets life
- born in Maleka
- orphaned at 6, raised by paternal uncle
- marries a rich widow Khadija
- becomes a caravan trader
- has 6 kids
- has mysterious experiences
52
why did Muhammad experience persecution
Makka’s religions didn’t agree with his, he moves to Medina and grows his religion
53
what does Muhammad do in Medina
grows his religion and gains an army of followers that take over Makka
54
what’s Hijra
first year of muslim calender
55
what does Islam mean
submission
56
what means father if Islam
muslim (one who submits)
57
who united under Muhammad and theocracy
Arabia
58
what does Jihad mean
holy war
- spiritual and physical war with the devil
59
what 3 options did Islamic rulers offer nations
- convert and join
- treaty and payment of a tribute
- fight by the sword
(offers treaty and payment again after then enslavement)
60
describe the islamic doctrine
some of the simplest of all world religions
61
what was the islamic bible
Quran
62
why did Islamic ideas succeed
- simple doctrine of salvation
- reward of paradise
- threat if hell
- moral guidelines
- limited internal strife
63
what are the 5 pillars of Islam
1. Shahada
2. Salat
3. Zakat
4. Sawm
5. Hajj
64
what is shahada
testifying to Allah’s one-ness
65
what is Salat
prayer time (five per day)
66
What is Zakat
giving
67
what is Sawm
fasting during Ramadan
68
what is Hajj
the big thing only rich pol go to
69
who initiated and sanctioned the crusades
the roman catholic church
70
71
what was the purpose of the crusades
restore christian control of the holy land
72
what was destroyed in the first crusade
church of the holy Sepulcher ( where jesus was buried )
73
what happened in the siege of jerusalem
killed christians, jews and muslims
74
how many official crusades were there
9
75
who was perpetua
a christian woman who died for her fait in rome
76
why did rome see christianity as a problem
christians refused to worship roman gods and the emperor
77
how did rome change as it got bigger
it was too big for one ruler, so power was split and eventually a christian emperor took control
78
how did christianity help change rome
it gave power to new groups and changed what it meant to be roman
79
who was jesus
a teacher from judea whose life teachings are in the new testament
80
what is the new testament
the part of the bible that tells the story of jesus and early christians
81
what happened when jesus went to jerusalem
he was arrested and killed by the romans
82
who sentenced jesus to death
Pontius, the roman governor
83
why did pilate send jesus to Herod
because jesus was from galilee, not Judea
- Pilate thought Herod should judge him
84
why did Pilate eventually sentence Jesus
he feared jesus might lead a rebellion, like past jewish uprisings
85
what important discovery was made in 1947
the dead sea scrolls - ancient jewish writings found in a cave
86
what were the dead sea scrolls about
they showed jewish beliefs and practices before and during jesus' time
87
who were the zealots
a jewish group that fought roma rule, hoping for a messiah
88
what happened to the jewish temple in 70 AD
the romans destroyed it after jewish revolt
89
who were the Sadducees
jewish religious leaders who worked closely to rome
90
what does the arch of titus show
Roman soldiers carrying treasures from the jewish temple after destroying it
91
who were the pharisees
jewish teachers who focused on following religous law and oral tadition
92
what did the pharisees believe
in life after death, judgment, and that everyone should follow God's laws daily
93
who were the Sadducees
wealthy jewish leaders who controlled the temple and only followed written law
94
how was jesus different from pharisees and Sadducees
he welcomed otsiders, focused less on strict law and preached salvation through faith
95
what was contraversila about jesus' message
he said he was the messiah sent to save Israel
96
did many jews follow jesus during his life?
no, only a small group believed in him at the time
97
who was paul and why was he important
he was a christian leader who said people didn;t need to follow jewish law to follow jesus
98
what did paul call the new group of believers
ekklesia, which means church
99
who were god-fearers
non-jews who liked jewish ethics but didn;t fully follow jewish law
100
why did many greeks like christianity
it fit with their beliefs about ethics salvation and the soulq
101
what other religion influenced early christian converts
cults like Mithras and Isis, and beliefs from Stoicism and Zoroastrianism
102
what does the catacomb fresco show
a person being baptized, showing how christians worshipped and remembered faith during persecution
103
how was christianity different from other religons at the time
it focused on community instead of te individual
104
what roles did women have in early christianity
women could be leaders, patrons and held high status
105
what false rumors were spread about early christians
that they had secret live feasts and practiced cannibalism
106
how did christianity and judaism grow apart
after the temple was destroyed, judaism adapted, and Christians said Jews rejected Jesus
107
what did christians believe about jews who didnt accept jesus
tha they were punished by exile and would one day convert
108
what was the christian view of the old testament
it was replaced by the new testament which told the full story of salvation through jesus
109
did christianity affect the Roman Empire early on
no, it was a small minority and didn't change Roman rule at first
110
how were jews treated in the roman empire after their rebellion
they kept some special rights, like offering sacrifices, but were not fully accepted
111
how was paul treated differently in court
as a roman citizen, he couldn't be executed without trial
112
who were the five good emperors
nerva, trajan, hadrian, Antoninus Piusand Marcus Aurelius
113
what is the song of roland
an epic poem during around 1100 about knights and battles during charlemagnes rule
114
what values did the song of roland show
honor, shame, loyalty, and fighting for christianity
115
what major change happened in europe around 1000
europe expanded into new lands and became more unified and christian
116
what was the role of christian colonists in europes' expansion
moved into former Muslim land to spread christianity
117
what were viking sagas
long stories about viking families and heroes, mixing history and legend
118
how did vikings affect other cultures in europe
they mixed with local people, adopted customes and sometimes took local languages
119
who were the Rus'
vikings from sweden who set up trade routes and settlements in eastern europe
120
what major city did the Rus' conquer by the year 1000
Kyiv (now in Ukraine)
121
why was Kyiv important
it connecte dtrade between the black sea, Byzantianium and even china and the islamic world
122
how did the rus' gain power in europe
through trade and strategic marriages wuth western european royals
123
who were the magyars
a nomadic people who became Hungary's ruling class under leader Arpad around 895
124
how did hungary join christian europe
through dynastic marriages and converting to latin christianity
125
how did bohemia and poland grow in power
they aligned with rome and received papal approval to legitimize their rulers
126
what were the three main scandinavian kingdoms around the year 1000
norway, sweden and denmark
127
how did scandinavian rulers strengthen their power
they adopted christianity and used european government models
128
who was king Cnut (Canute) the great
a danish king who ruled Norway, much of sweden and england in 1035
129
what made Cnut's empire strong
military power, strategic marriages and political alliance
130
what made viking rule in scandanavia unique
They blended Norse traditions and christianity and european political styles
131
what did Mediterranean societies have in common despite being far apart
they shared strong connections through trade, religion, and culture, often more than they had with nearby inland areas
132
why was Sicily important in medieval Mediterranean politics
it had been controlled by many groups making it a strategic and diverse region
133
how did the Venetians succeed in Mediterranean trade
by controlling sea lanes and ports, not through conquest, and building a powerful merchant empire
134
what empire did the saxon kings of germany claim to inherit
the empire of charlemagne
135
who was Otto and what did he do
a saxon king who defeated the magyars and claimed Charlemagne's legacy was crowned emperor
136
what was the medieval warm period
a time when global temperature rose, leading to better farming conditions in europe
137
what new tool helped european farming in the middl eages
the heavy wheeled plow, pulled by horses with iron-tipped collars
138
what other farming improvements boosted productivity
horse collars, iron horseshoes, paired teams, and better tools like hoes and sythes
139
what is a manor
a self sufficient farming community where peasants shared land and resources
140
how did peasants benefit from shared farming in manors
they could afford to share tools and animals, grow more food, and build things like mills and churches
141
what was th ethree-field crop method
land was divided into 3 and each section has a crop for a specific season
142
how did the towns begin to grow again after the viking raids
trade, safety, and support from monasteries and local lords helped towns thrive
143
why were towns important for trade
they connected regions like the mediterranean and Atlantic and offered safe markets
144
what helped italy become a major trade hub again
the suppression of piracy in the mediterranean by the byzantine empire
145
what goods flowed from italy and the mediterranean to northern europe
silks, spices, and other luxury goods from the east
146
What disrupted mediterranean trade in the 11th centurt
norman invasions in southern italy and turkish attacks in Anatolia
147
what role did flemish towns play in trade
they processed english wool into cloth and held major trade fairs
148
how did cities like venice and Genoa grow so large
through long-distance trade and merchant navies
149
what does the map of medieval paris around 1200 show
the city's growth from roman settlement to a walled, fortified capital with churches, palaces and neighborhoods
