final Flashcards by zak homer

what does stage I in Non Rem (NREM) or slow wave sleep involve

(light) theta, delta (low amplitude) horizontal eye

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The nucleus basalis of Meynert which functions as a sleep modulating center is associatedwith what type of neuronal projections

cholinergic

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Lesions in serotonin rich raphe nucleus produces what

insomnia

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lesions in the Pons produce what

REM behavior disorder

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what can produces insomnia by blocking production of serotonin

Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor

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what sleep stage does the EEG resemble the awake state

REM

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phase I in Non Rem (NREM) or slow wave sleep causes

(light) theta, delta (low amplitude) horizontal eye

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phase II in Non Rem (NREM) or slow wave sleep causes

(light) theta, delta, sleep spindles, K complexes

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phase IV in Non Rem (NREM) or slow wave sleep causes

(deep) high amplitude delta (>50%)

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phase IV in Non Rem (NREM) or slow wave sleep causes

(deep) high amplitude delta (>50%)

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what will have hypnogenic effects by acting on the anterior hypothalamus

Factors such as triazolam, 5HTP, muramylpeptides, PGD2

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what will have hypnogenic effects by acting on the anterior hypothalamus

Factors such as triazolam, 5HTP, muramylpeptides, PGD2

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PGO spikes are associated with what sleep stage

rapid eye movements (REM)

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REM sleep can be induced by

cholinergicstimulation of the pons

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REM sleep can be induced by

cholinergicstimulation of the pons

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A 30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons occurs during what sleep stage

REM

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Slow wave sleep is associated with what changes in the autonomic changes

decrease in SNS and increase in parasympathetic

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Leptin (from adipose tissue) has what effect on the body

Promotes weight loss
decreases drive for food intake
increase energy utilization

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Ghrelin (from the GI tract) has what effect on the body

Promotes weight gain
increases feelings of hunger
increases food intake

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what are the causes of epilepsy

– Trauma 
– Oxygen Deprivation– Tumors 
– Infections 
– Toxic States 
– (In1/2 of all cases the cause is unknown)

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what are the Precipitating causes of a seizure

– strong emotional stimuli 
– alkalosis (hyperventilation) 
– drugs 
– fever 
– loud noises or flashing lights

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Kindling may be associated with what

binge drinking

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what are some mild mental illnesses

obsessive-compulsive personality

antisocial personality

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what are some severe mental illnesses

dementias
schizophrenia
depression

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Which cognitive symptom is associated with schizophrenia involves the prefrontal cortex

deficits in working memory

what are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

distortions /exaggerations of normal cognitive fxn Unable to interpret reality correctly Excessive mesolimbic activity !!!!!!!

what are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

- loss or decrease of normal functions - tend to impair the persons ability to function in daily life more so than positive symptoms - Excessive mesocortical activity !!!!!!!

In schizophrenia, exaggerated activity of dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the neocortex is associated with what

-flat affect !!!! -alogoria -anhedonia avolition

How likely is an identical twin to become schizophrenia if the other identical twin develops the disease

40%

How likely is a dizygotic twins to become schizophrenia if the other identical twin develops the disease

10%

Schizophrenics may benefit from what type of diet

gluten free

Over the last century the decline in the average age of the onset of depression is thought to be due to what reason

stress

Unipolar depression is associated with decreased levels of what neurotransmitters

norepinephrine | serotonin

true or false | Lack of the parasympathetic nervous system activity is a key finding in all anxiety disorders

false this is because it is a increase in SNS

Infusion of what substance will induce a panic attack in a person who is predisposed to that condition

sodium lactate | inhalation of CO2

what non drug treatments for depression is relatively new and received FDA approval in 2008 and also has other applications like treating asperger’s

transcranial magnetic stimulation

What is by far the most common emotion associated with chronic back pain

Depression

Stimulation of what neuronal receptors is associated with opening of chloride channels

GABA

true or false All areas of the CNS has a blood brain barrier

false

what will will increase cerebral blood flow

increase in local carbon dioxide decrease pH decrese O2 increase in H+

what has been shown to bind to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and help prevent degeneration associated alzheimer’s disease

nerve growth factor

A fairly common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy to treat major depression is what

memory loss

The entire CSF volume turns over about how times per day

three X

True or false | CSF can provide a transport route for neuropeptides to distant sites

true

Activation of what division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in a suppression of the immune response

sympathetic

what neurotransmitter has a CNS effect of alpha MSH on the hypothalamus

interleukin I

Which of the following substances is associated with producing a fever state

interleukin I

What neuropeptide in autonomic nerves innervating the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes help regulate immune cells

NPY

adhesion molecules, NK cell function, and T cell function are diminished in what situation

spinal cord injury

true or false | Immune cells can produce neurologically active peptides such as ACTH and VIP

true

Experimentally if two adjacent digits are sewn together, what might happen

cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually

In mice, what can prolong lifespan

melatonin administration

what negates melatonin effects

naltrexone administration

true of false | Following injury new neural connections can reform in both the CNS and PNS

true, it is also greater in the PNS

In neonatal mice what increased the number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary, a sign of degeneration

thymectomy

In old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin

L-thyroxine

Compare the regenerative capacity of the PNS to the CNS

PNS > CNS

Astrocytes communicate among themselves & with neurons by what mechanism

Ca++ waves

what has been shown to cause the brain to age up to 20 X faster than normal with a loss of gray matter

chronic low back pain

What area of the CNS functions as a endogenous (biologic) clock entraining circadian rhythms

suprachiasmatic nucleus

final Flashcards

(60 cards)