Final

Question 1

Long-term practice is best described by a:

A. Linear Curve
B. Negatively accelerated curve
C. Positively accelerated curve
D. Sigmoid Curve

Answer 1

negatively accelerated curve

Question 2

One limitation in the usefulness of performance curves is that they…

A. Can either increase or decrease with practice
B. Performance curves do not have any limitations
C. Plot performance against practice trials
D. Do not measure relatively permanent changes

Answer 2

Do not measure relatively permanent changes

Question 3

T/F: Performers are best at detecting and correcting their own errors during the cognitive stage of learning.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Transfer tests examine performance under _______ conditions as the acquisition phase and assess the _______ of learning

Answer 4

different; adaptability

Question 5

Switching from practicing right-hand lay-ups to being tested on left-hand lay-ups is an example of:

Answer 5

intra-task transfer

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding deliberate practice?

A. Focus on optimizing strengths
B. Inherently enjoyable
C. Focus on avoiding errors
D. None these are true

Answer 6

None of these are true

Question 7

T/F: In SCENARIO A, the alignment aid elevated performance in practice and was helpful for learning.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Which practice structure would be best for a football kicker to learn to kick [1 skill/GMP] from anywhere on the field?

Answer 8

Variable Practice

Question 9

Mental practice is typically __________ no practice and __________ physical practice.

Answer 9

better than ; worse than

Question 10

T/F: Internal focus is the act of attending to aspects of the movement itself.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Which of the following is a limitation of distributed practice schedules?

A. Distributed practice results in worse retention than massed practice
B. Distributed practice takes longer than massed practice
C. Distributed practice provides fewer trials than massed practice
D. Distributed practice results in worse transfer than massed practice

Answer 11

B. Distributed practice takes longer than massed practice

Question 12

T/F: The human Mirror Neuron System (MNS) is activated by observing a robot’s movements.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Negative transfer is typically…

Answer 13

Cognitive

Question 14

T/F: The data below illustrates the contextual interference effect. [Hint: Check y-axis - what’s being measured?]

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The statement “Your speed was 75 mph on that pitch” is which type of feedback?

Answer 15

Knowledge of results

Question 16

The percentage of feedback presentations across a set of trials is the __________ of feedback.

Answer 16

Relative frequency

Question 17

T/F: If using a bandwidth feedback technique, you would give feedback on the circled trials.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Filled KR-delay intervals are ______ in practice and are ______ to learning.

Answer 18

detrimental ; detrimental

Question 19

What is the Consistency Hypothesis’s explanation for why high frequency KR isn’t good for learning?

Answer 19

learners adjust performance

Question 20

This data shows that learner-determined feedback (purple) is better than experimenter-determined (green) for ______.

Answer 20

practice & learning

Question 21

The negative effects of too much feedback can be avoided if error estimation is encouraged.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Providing instantaneous feedback (right when the movement ends) prevents the learner from processing intrinsic feedback.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to a relatively permanent gain in the capability for skilled performance

Answer 23

Motor Learning

Question 24

Motor learning defined is made up of ____ separate characteristics

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Learning is ______ and not directly observed

Answer 25

internal

Question 26

Learning results from _____ or _____

Answer 26

practice ; experience

Question 27

Learning produces relatively _____ changes

Answer 27

permanent

Question 28

Learning affects ______

Answer 28

capabilities

Question 29

- Observable behavior - Unstable

Answer 29

Performance

Question 30

- Not directly observable - Persistent change

Answer 30

Learning

Question 31

Affect performance NOT learning

Answer 31

Performance variables

Question 32

Affect performance AND learning

Answer 32

Learning variables

Question 33

What 4 things should happen to performance to imply that learning has occurred? (ICPA)

Answer 33

1. Improvement 2. Consistency 3. Persistence 4. Adaptability

Question 34

- Measures acquisition - Can observe improvement & consistency

Answer 34

Performance Curves

Question 35

- Large and rapid changes at first - Logarithmic relationship - Negatively accelerated practice curve

Answer 35

Law of Practice

Question 36

T/F: Performance curves are learning curves

Answer 36

false

Question 37

Which of the following does not affect performance curves: A. Plateaus B. Between-Subject Variability C. Measurement Sensitivity D. Within-Subject Variability E. Measurement Insensitivity

Answer 37

E.

Question 38

Measurement of performance has a large impact on conclusions regarding learning

Answer 38

Measurement sensitivity

Question 39

Acquisition examines ______ & ______ of performance

Answer 39

improvement ; consistency

Question 40

- Examines performance under same conditions as acquisition - Assesses persistence of learning

Answer 40

Retention test

Question 41

- Examines performance under a new situation or skill - Assesses adaptability of learning

Answer 41

Transfer test

Question 42

Retention/Transfer Test Design

Answer 42

Acquisition --> No practice Interval --> Retention/Transfer Tests

Question 43

Influence of practice/experience on one skill on performance of: - same skill in a new situation (_____)

Answer 43

intra task

Question 44

a new skill (____)

Answer 44

inter-task

Question 45

T/F: Transfer of learning can be positive, negative, or zero

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Influence of practice of a skill with one limb on learning and performance of the skill with contralateral limb

Answer 46

Bilateral (inter-limb) transfer

Question 47

Improvement & Consistency are via _____ ______

Answer 47

skill acquisition

Question 48

Persistence is via ____ _____

Answer 48

retention test

Question 49

Adaptability via ____ ____

Answer 49

transfer test

Question 50

T/F: Specific goals are better than "do your best"

Answer 50

True

Question 51

May increase motivation (as well as information)

Answer 51

Augmented Feedback

Question 52

Provides autonomy/control to the learner

Answer 52

Self-regulation

Question 53

Keep it simple

Answer 53

Instructions

Question 54

Benefits of an external vs internal focus of attention

Answer 54

Attentional focus

Question 55

- Cognitive benefits - Motor benefits

Answer 55

Mental Practice

Question 56

Amount of time practicing > amount of rest time

Answer 56

Massed Practice

Question 57

Amount of time resting> amount of time practicing

Answer 57

Distributed Practice

Question 58

Worst performance by most ______ schedule

Answer 58

massed

Question 59

Best acquisition & long term retention by most ______ schedule

Answer 59

distributed

Question 60

Which tasks benefit from more rest

Answer 60

Continuous

Question 61

Which task have no evidence for benefit from rest

Answer 61

discrete

Question 62

conveys new movement pattern and psychological support

Answer 62

Positives

Question 63

modifies feel of task and does not allow performers decision making

Answer 63

Negatives

Question 64

Leads to increased reliance of performer on guide to detect and correct errors = __________

Answer 64

guidance hypothesis

Question 65

T/F: Overall, physical guidance is a very effective technique to improve learning, especially late in learning

Answer 65

false

Question 66

Process by which learners acquire capability to perform a skill by observing performance of others

Answer 66

Observational Learning

Question 67

which theory believes: "observation leads to a cognitive representation" (BSLT)

Answer 67

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Question 68

which theory believes: "neuron in the brain that fire during action also fire during observation" (MNT)

Answer 68

Mirror Neuron Theory

Question 69

Observation may atomically invoke the motor representation of the _______

Answer 69

action

Question 70

T/F: Matching the skill level of the model to the learning may increase learning

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Typically, ____ practice outperforms ______ practice in acquisition

Answer 71

constant ; variable

Question 72

_____ practice outperforms ______ practice in retention & transfer

Answer 72

variable ; constant

Question 73

Variable practice leads to increased _____ and enhanced ______.

Answer 73

generalization ; schema

Question 74

AAA, BBB, CCC - predictable and repetitious (easiest)

Answer 74

Blocked

Question 75

CAB, BCA, ACB - unpredictable and non-repetitious (hardest)

Answer 75

Random

Question 76

ABC, ABC, ABC - prediction but non-repetitious (medium)

Answer 76

Serial