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Y Physiology II > Final: 1st Semester Parameters (Ben) > Flashcards

Final: 1st Semester Parameters (Ben) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ion transport rate of ion channels?

A

106 - 108 ions/sec

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2
Q

What are the Em values for…

skeletal muscle?

neurons?

smooth muscle?

cardiac muscle?

(photoreceptors?)

A

skeletal - -95 mV

neuron - -70 mV

smooth muscle - -60 mV

cardiac muscle - -90 mV

(photoreceptor - -40 mV)

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3
Q

what are the equilibrium potentials of K, Na and Cl in…

skeletal muscle?

neurons?

(plus Ca in neurons)

A
  • Skeletal Muscle:
    • Ek: -94, ENa: +65, ECl: -88
  • Neuron:
    • EK: -90, ENa: +60, ECl: -70, ECa: +130
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4
Q

How long (in ms) is a neuronal AP?

A cardiac ventricular AP?

Skeletal muscle?

SM slow waves?

A

neuronal - 2 ms

ventricular - 200 ms

skeletal muscle - 5 ms

smooth muscle slow wave - seconds (varies)

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5
Q

What are the resting, fully depolarized and hyperpolarization membrane voltages (mV) of a neuron?

Cardiac muscle (with other phases)?

A
  • Neuron: -70 resting, +40 depol, -85 hyper
  • Cardiac Muscle: -85 resting, +20 depol, +5 plateau, no hyper
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6
Q

What is the threshold potential of skeletal muscle?

Approx. how many ACh vesicles (“quanta”) are needed for this?

A

Must go from Em = -90 mV to threshold at -50 mV

  • one vesicle is abt 0.4 mV of depolarizing activity, so to go 40 mV, abt 100 vesicles needed
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7
Q

What are the frequencies of the various pacemaker cells in the heart?

A
  • SA node - 100/min (intrinsic), 70-80 (innervated)
  • AV node/His bundle - 40-60
  • Bundle branches/Purkinje - 20-40
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8
Q

What are the threshold potentials for the various channels involved in SA node function?

A
  • HCN (If, funny current) - below - 50 mV
  • T-VDCC - -50 mV
  • L-VDCC - -25 mV (some pics show -40 ???)
  • K channels - open at high voltages to repolarize
  • GIRK channels - hyperpolarize via vagal stim
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9
Q

What are the conduction velocities of cardiac impulses in various heart tissues?

A
  • Purkinje - 2-4 m/s
  • His Bundle - 1.2 - 2
  • Atrial myocytes - 1 - 1.2
  • Ventricular myocytes - 0.3 - 1
  • SA/AV nodes - <0.01 - 0.05
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10
Q

How long does it take for impulses to be conducted…

SA to AV node?

AV node thru to the bundle branches?

All the way to the furthest points of the ventricles?

A
  • SA to AV: 60 ms
  • AV to bundle branches: 100 ms (160 from SA)
  • Furthest points: 220 ms (SA to ventricular epicardium @ border with atrium)

so the longest delay is in AV node where half the total time is spent

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11
Q

What are the normal durations for…

P wave?

PQ interval?

QRS complex?

A
  • P wave - < 0.12 s
  • PQ interval 0.12 - 0.20 s
  • QRS complex - 0.06 - 0.1 s
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12
Q

What are the normal ampitudes for…

P wave?

R wave?

ST segment?

T wave?

A
  • P wave - < 0.25 mv
  • R wave - > 1 mV (1.2-1.4)
  • ST segment - 0.1-0.2 max (otherwise STEMI)
  • T wave - 0.3 mV
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13
Q

How long is the heart cycle (assuming 75 bpm) ?

Systole/diastole?

Ventricular filling/ejection?

A
  • Cycle: 0.85 s
  • Systole / Diastole: 0.3 / 0.55 s
  • Filling / Ejection: 0.3 / 0.25 s
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14
Q

What are the important values of the left ventricular pressure-volume loop?

Min/max volume?

Isovolumetric contraction min/max pressure?

Isovolumetric relaxation max/min pressure?

stroke volume?

A
  • Volume - ~50-130 ml (maybe more like 45-125)
  • Isovol. Contraction - from 10 to 80 mmHg
  • Peak Pressure - over 120 mmHg
  • Isovol. Relaxation - from 110 back to 5 mmHg
  • Stroke Volume - 80 ml (rep. by horizontal line)
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15
Q

What percent of the total blood (5 L) in the body is in…

systemic circulation (+ by vessel type)?

pulmonary circulation?

the heart?

A
  • Systemic: 84%
    • ​Arteries: 13%
    • Capillaries: 7%
    • Veins: 64%
  • Pulmonary: 9%
  • Heart: 7%
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16
Q

What are the values of the 4 Starling forces pressures (mmHg) along the length of a capillary?

And total effective filtration pressure?

A
  • Capillary Hydrostatic: 35 arteriolar, 15 venular
  • Interstitial Hydrostatic: around 0 to -4(negative!)
  • Capillary Oncotic: 25
  • Interstitial Oncotic: low
  • Total Effective Filtration: 12 arteriolar, -4 venular (negative!)
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17
Q

What is the hourly lymph production volume?

A

120 ml/hr

(about 2.8 L/day, = to plasma volume)

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18
Q

What is the O2 content of arterial blood (ml/L)

and venous blood?

And thus AVDO2?

A

Arterial: 200 ml/l

Venous: 150 ml/l

AVDO2: 50 ml/l

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19
Q

What is the normal mean arterial pressure?

A

93 mmHg

(down to 50 w/o symp inn, or up to 150 w/ high symp inn)

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20
Q

What is the range in which the carotid sinus baroreceptor detects blood pressure changes?

And aortic arch receptor?

A

sinus - 50-200 mmHg

aorta - 100-200 mmHg

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21
Q

What is the flow of skeletal muscle circulation at rest?

At maximum, during exercise?

AVDO2 at rest?

Exercise?

A
  • Flow
    • 1 L/min at rest
    • 20 L/min exercise
  • AVDO2
    • 60 ml/L (so ~30% extraction
    • 150 ml/L exercise (75% extraction)
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22
Q

What is the splanchnic blood flow rate?

AVDO2?

Hepatic circulation?

(its components?)

A
  • Splanchnic Flow: 1.25 L/min (25% CO, down to 5% exer.)
  • AVDO2: 35 ml/L
  • Hepatic Circulation: 1.5 L/min
    • 75% portal vein, 25% hepatic artery
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23
Q

What is the coronary blood flow per minute?

AVDO2?

VO2?

Why is this impressive?

A
  • Flow: 250 ml/min (5% of CO)
  • AVDO2: 120 ml/L (60%!!!)
  • VO2: 30 ml O2/min
  • since heart is only abt 0.4% body weight, this is a huge amount of flow, relatively
24
Q

What is the blood flow rate of brain circulation?

AVDO2?

VO2?

A
  • Flow: 750-850 ml/min
  • AVDO2: 60 ml/L
  • VO2: 50 ml/min
25
What is the intracranial pressure value? How does this affect the flow in the skull?
**5-13 mmHg** alters the flow by putting pressure on the vessels
26
What is the autoregulation pressure range of cerebral blood flow? What does sympathetic innnervation do to this?
**50-140 mmHg** symp inn. widens the regulatory range to above 140 mmHg
27
What is the volume of _total body water_? How much of it is ICF? ECF? Interstitial Fluid and Plasma?
* _Total Water_: **42 L** (60% body weight, if 70 kg) * _ICF_: **28 L**(40% body weight) * _ECF_: **14 L**(20%) * _Interstitial_: **10.5 L**(3/4 ECF) * _Plasma_: **3.5 L** (1/4 ECF) * remember **60-40-20** rule for total-ICF-ECF, mult. by 70 kg weight * remember 3/4 ECF is interstitial, 1/4 is plasma
28
What is the ionic composition of ECF?
* _Na_: **140 mM** * _K_: **4 mM** * _Cl_: **115 mM** * _Ca_: **1.1-1.4 free, 2.2-2.8 total** * _HCO3_: **27 mM**
29
What is the ionic composition of ICF?
* _Na_: **1****5 mM** * _K_: **120 - 150 mM** * _Cl_: **20 mM** * _Ca_: **100 **_n_**M** * _HCO3_: **15 mM** * ICF anions are mostly _proteins/phosphates_ * another important ICF cation is **Mg2+**
30
What is the _intracellular_, _extracellular_ and _plasma_ pH? And osmolarity everwhere?
* _intra_ : **7.2** * _extra_: **7.4** * _plasma_: **7.35-7.45** * **290 mOsm**
31
What are the four important lung volumes?
* _Tidal Volume_ - **500 ml** * _Inspiratory Reserve_ - **3000 ml** * _Expiratory Reserve_ - **1200 ml** * _Residual Volume_ - **1200 ml**
32
What are the four important lung _capacities_?
* _Inspiratory Capacity_: **3500 ml** * tidal + insp. reserve * _Functional Residual Capacity_: **2400 ml** * exp. reserve + residual * _Vital Capacity_: **4700 ml** * **​**max inhaled from complete exhale (all - residual) * _Total Lung Capacity_: **5900 ml** * all volumes combined
33
What is the the normal FEV1/FVC? And **PEFR**
**80%** at least **8 L/sec** at least
34
What is the normal breathing rate? And so the normal alveolar minute ventilation?
* _rate_: **12-18/min** * _alv ventilation_: **4200 ml/min** * alv vent = (Vt - Vdead) x rate * (500 - 150) x 12 = 4200
35
What are the alveolar and pleural pressures (cm H2O) during... rest after expiration? inspiration? rest after inspiration? expiration?
* _After exp_: **0 alv, -5 pl** (5 transmural) * _Insp_: **-1 alv, -6.5 pl** (5.5 transmural) * _After insp_: **0 alv, -8 pl** (8 transmural) * _Exp_: **1 alv, -6.5 pl** (7.5 transmural) - importantly... alv is 0 at rest b/c equilibrates w/ atmosphere, neg. on insp, pos. on exp - can think about retraction tendency + chest expansion to figure out how pl P will change, and transmural is highest on full inspiration, b/c of all the air in lung
36
What are the partial pressures (mmHg) for O2/CO2 in... inspired air? alveoli? arterial blood? venous blood?
* _Inspired Air_: **160 /** **0.3** * _Alveoli_: **100 /** **40** * _Arterial_: **95 / 40** * _Venous_: **40 / 47**
37
What are the pressures in the different vessels along the length of the pulmonary circulation?
* _Pulm. arteries_ - **14 mmHg** * _Pulm. caps._ - **10.5** * _veins_ - **9** * _left atrium_ - **8**
38
What is the normal ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)?
**0.8** - is an avg for whole lung because of diff V/Q rates from apex to base
39
What are the % of O2 in free and Hb-bound forms? What is the total bodily VO2?
* _Free, dissolved_: **2%** * _Oxy-Hb_: **98%** * _VO2_: **250 ml/min** * **​**free accts for only 15 ml/min!
40
What percent of blood CO2 is carried in each of its 3 transport forms?
* _dissolved_: **5%** * _carbamino-Hb_: **3%** * _bicarbonate_: **90%** not sure where that other 2% goes... maybe binds other proteins
41
What are the glomerular starling forces (in mmHg) at the afferent and efferent ends of the glomerular capillaries?
* _Afferent End_: **53** Pcap**-27** πcap**-12** PBowman * _net ultrafiltration_: **15** * _Efferent End_: **51** Pcap**-33** πcap**-12** PBowman * _net_: **6**
42
What is the **renal blood flow** rate? **plasma flow**?
**1200-1300 ml/min** blood flow **600-700 ml/min** plasma
43
What is normal GFR? And filtration fraction? (clearance of what is equal to GFR?)
* _GFR_ - **120 ml/min** * _FF_ - **20%** * = GFR/Renal Plasma Flow * 120/600 --\> 0.2 * **Cinulin = GFR**, b/c inulin _is filtered_ but _not reabsorbed_, _secreted_ or _metabolized_ in the kidney
44
How much NaCl is filtered each day (g) ? How much of the Na+ does the PCT reabsorb (in each half)? And the loop of Henle? Distal convoluted tubule?
**1500 g NaCl/day** (99% reabsorbed) * PCT reabsorbs **65%** of it * ​first half **20%** * second half **45%** * Loop - **25%** * DCT - **5-7%**
45
what is the AVDO2 of the kidney?
about **500 ml/l** because 350 ml/l for every 100g of kidney and kidneys range btwn 120-170g (350x1.45=~500)
46
What is osmolarity of prox tubule fluid? Cortex interstitium? Osmolarity of interstitium/vasa rect/Henle loop in _inner medulla_? Osmolarity of _distal tubule_ fluid? Blood entering and leaving vasa recta?
* _both PT/cortex interstitium_: **300 mOsm** * **​**(because water and solutes both move here) * ​_inner medulla_: **1200 mOsm** (600 urea, 600 NaCl) * **​**desc. limb concentrates * _distal tubule_: **100 mOsm** (b/c TAL is dilutor) * _vasa recta_: **300 mOsm**
47
What is the urine osmolarity at _max and min_ concentrations? And per day urine volume at max/min concentration? And how low can the _inner medullary interstitial_ get in the diluting kidney? Why?
* _Urine_: **1200 mOsm** max, **30 mOsm** min * _Volume_: **0.5 L/day** min, **20 L/day** max * _Medulla_: as low as **600 mOsm** * b/c no ADH means no UT1 transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct to allow urea out to the interstitium
48
At what bladder volumes do micturition reflex signals start to be sent to the brain? And when is "fullness" sensed?
**150 ml** first signals **400-500 ml** fullness
49
50
What are the normal levels for acid/base parameters?
* _pH_ - **7.35-7.45** * _Paco2_: **38-42 mmHg** * _st./act. HCO3-_: **23-25 mM** * _buffer base_: **44-49 mEq/l** * _base excess_: **+/- 2 mEq/l**
51
What is the frequency of slow waves in the stomach? Duodenum?
stomach 3/min duodenum 12/min
52
How much saliva is secreted per day?
**800-1500 ml** (90% while eating)
53
What is the composition of saliva?
* high K and HCO3 * low Na/Cl * due to ion exchange in the ducts
54
how much gastric juice is secreted per day?
1000-1500 ml/day
55
what is gastric peak acid output in males? females?
male **25 mmol/h** female **16 mmol/h**
56
How much _bile acid_ is made by the liver per day? How much is the entire bodily pool of bile acid? And how much is used per day in digestion?
**0.6 g/day made** **5-6 g** bodily pool **20 g/day** used (recirculation!)
57

Y Physiology II (16 decks)

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