Week 1 Immunology Intro

Question 1

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are neutrophils

Answer 1

65%

Question 2

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are eosinophils

Answer 2

2-4%

Question 3

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are basophils

Answer 3

1%

Question 4

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are lymphocytes (B and T cells)

Answer 4

25-30%

Question 5

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are monocytes

Answer 5

4-8%

Question 6

What are the 4 steps of leukocyte migration?

Answer 6

1. Rolling, 2. Tight Binding (Adhesion), 3. Diapedesis (Transendothelial Migration), 4. Migration

Question 7

What is the rolling step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

Answer 7

Selectins

Question 8

What is the tight binding step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

Answer 8

Integrins

Question 9

What is the diapedesis step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

Answer 9

Integrins

Question 10

What is the migration step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

Answer 10

Chemokines (CC, CXC), also chemoattractants

Question 11

What does PAMP stand for? What are PAMPs?

Answer 11

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern; they are how microbes are recognized by phagocytes. They are different than the markers on the body’s own cells

Question 12

What type of PAMPs do gram-negative bacteria have?

Answer 12

LPS (liposaccharide) for gram-negative bacteria

Question 13

What type of PAMPs do fungi have?

Answer 13

beta glucans

Question 14

What are some type of PAMPs that viruses might have?

Answer 14

double-stranded RNA, special DNA

Question 15

What does PRR stand for? What are PRRs?

Answer 15

Pattern Recognition Receptor; they are the receptors that phagocytes detect PAMPs with

Question 16

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 16

Phagocytes: granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells. + Natural killer cells

Question 17

What are the humoral components of the innate immune system?

Answer 17

Complement system, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides

Question 18

What is opsonization?

Answer 18

Forming a coat of antibodies onto pathogens/foreign particles so that a phagocyte can eat it

Question 19

Extracellular toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize what?

Answer 19

Bacterial components

Question 20

Intracellular toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize what?

Answer 20

Viral components

Question 21

What are the effects of recognition by toll-like receptors?

Answer 21

Cytokine production, upregulation of adhesion molecules on the cell surface

Question 22

What are cytokines?

Answer 22

Interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, stem cell factor, etc. that modulate cell differentiation and function

Question 23

What type of granules are in eosinophils? What type of pathogen are eosinophils good for?

Answer 23

Granules = MBP (Major Basic Protein). Good for parasitic worms

Question 24

What do basophils/Mast cells do?

Answer 24

Synthesize lipid mediators, produce cytokines, degranulate heparin/histamine

Question 25

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

Answer 25

Antigen-presentation, thus they are part of the innate immune system but present antigens to the adaptive immune system

Question 26

What is necessary for the initiation of phagocytosis?

Answer 26

Attachment of the microbe to PRR

Question 27

What complement component performs opsonization even better than antibodies, and if there are antibodies too then it performs maximal opsonization?

Answer 27

C3b

Question 28

What is degranulation?

Answer 28

Release of intracellular granule contents (which for example may be used to kill microbes in phagocytosis)

Question 29

What is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)?

Answer 29

Mutation in genes encoding subunits of NADPH-oxidase, resulting in decreased production of reactive oxygen species. Leads to recurrent bacterial/fungal infections

Question 30

What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD1)?

Answer 30

Decrease or absent expression of beta2 integrins, resulting in defective leukocyte adhesion/migration. Leads to current bacterial/fungal infections

Question 31

What initiates the classical pathway of the complement system?

Answer 31

Antigen-antibody complex (binding to pathogen surface)

Question 32

What initiates the lectin pathway of the complement system?

Answer 32

Lectin binds to pathogen surfaces

Question 33

What initiates the alternative pathway of the complement system?

Answer 33

Simply the pathogen surfaces (??)

Question 34

What is the function of C3a and C5a?

Answer 34

mediation of inflammation, phagocyte recruitment