Final Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

2 ways describing how people reason and make decisions

A

normative and descriptive

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2
Q

Problem solving skills can be assessed by

A

measuring moves, accuracy, verbal reports and time

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3
Q

The problem space includes

A

current state, goal state, all possible steps in between

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4
Q

Because problem spaces can be so big, what’s important?

A

how the problem is represented, how the problem space is searched

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5
Q

Means- end analyses explain why some problems are difficult because

A

you have to move away from the goal to get to the goal

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6
Q

Analogies

A

comparison between one problem to a similar problem

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7
Q

Analogies are good if

A

they are common and accurate representations

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8
Q

Categorical reasoning is influenced by

A

context, interpretation of the premises, and confirmation bias

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9
Q

The conditions under which decisions are made can influence decision making

A

certain or uncertain

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10
Q

Persuasive technology

A

any computing technology designed with the goal of altering user behavior, often through impacting internal states like: attitude, motivation, and beliefs

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11
Q

Captology

A

computers as persuasive technology

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12
Q

Persuasion is not

A

coercive or deceitful

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13
Q

Levels of persuasion

A

micro (doesn’t have overall intent, but has little ones thoughtout) and macro

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14
Q

3 major roles computing technologies can have

A

tool, media, social actor

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15
Q

Tools

A

augment user performance

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16
Q

Media

A

enhance user experience, insight

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17
Q

Social actors

A

form relationship with user and take on role as peer

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18
Q

8 steps to design persuasive technology

A
  1. choose behavior to target
  2. choose audience
  3. find what prevents target behavior
  4. choose appropriate and familiar technology channel
  5. find relevant examples of persuasive tech.
  6. imitate successful examples
  7. test and iterate quickly
  8. expand on success
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19
Q

Steven’s Law

A

relationship between physical intensity and perceived magnitude

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20
Q

Selective Attention

A

determines our ability to focus on certain sources of information and ignore others

21
Q

Divided attention

A

determines our ability to do more than one thing at once

22
Q

executive control

A

performance also depends on this- Strategies a person adopts to control the flow of information and task performance

23
Q

Models of attention

A

Bottleneck: early and late
Resource: single and multiple

24
Q

Bottleneck models

A

specifies stage during hip where attention is limited- the early this is closer to perception and late is closer to response

25
Resource models
there is a fixed number of resources we can draw upon. characterized by number of responses
26
Executive control models
don't hypothesize capacity limitations- bad performance is because of lack of coordination during hip
27
2 specific bottleneck theories
filter and filter attenuation, load
28
Load theory
hybrid bottleneck early and high, depending on the perceptual load at the time. high perceptual load means early selection.
29
Resource Models
unitary- resource model, multiple
30
EPIC
executive- process interactive control- executing control model: decrements in multi task performance is bc of the strategies that ppl adopt to do certain tasks in a certain manner
31
Early-selection explains
the fact that people have little awareness of or memory for stimulus events to which they are not attending
32
Late-selection explains
why major decrements in performance are often associated with processes that occur after perception
33
Unitary-resource model
depicts how people can control how attention is divided across tasks
34
Multiple-resource model
explains why multiple-task performance is often worse when tasks share the same sensory and motor modalities or processing codes
35
Executive control processes theory
emphasizes the importance of the strategic coordination of the tasks
36
selective listening
used to present a target message with a distractor message to determine what characteristics of the distractor interfere with the target message by masking the target or confusing the listener
37
Selective listening is easy when
The target message is physically distinct from the distractor There is spatial separation of the target and distractor The target and distractor are of different intensities The target and distractor are from different frequency regions within the auditory spectrum
38
covert orienting
you should be able to selectively attend to a location that is different from your fixated point- spotlight
39
endogenous orienting
voluntary shift of attention
40
exogenous orienting
involuntary shift of attention
41
inhibition of return
once your attention shifts bc or exogenous orienting, you're unlikely to ever return it there again
42
performance-operating characteristic (POC) curve
compares performance of that task alone with performance with that task and divided attention
43
independence point
part on POC curve where no attentional limitation arise because of doing multiple tasks
44
Performance efficiency
the distance between the POC curve and the independence point
45
cost of concurrence
difference between performance for one task alone and dual-task performance
46
2 main effects on attention by arousal
visual narrowing and decrease in vigilance
47
vigilance
sustained attention
48
ways to decrease decrements of vigilance
stronger signals, auditory signals better- even better when alternate between auditory and visual, give person breaks as incentive